week 4

Question 1

pidgins

Answer 1

adults in contact with no common language will develop a simplified way to communicate

Question 2

nicaraguan sign language

Answer 2

each new generation of children who joined deaf boarding schools elaborated on sign language system (richer w new words and new grammatical constructions) - evidence that children lacking a full-fledged language are innately inclined to develop language in a community

Question 3

creoles

Answer 3

children have instinct to develop language, will develop full grammar, turning a pidgin language into a creole

Question 4

phonetics

Answer 4

physical reality of sound
- articulatory phonetics (how sounds are produced)
- acoustic phonetics (properties of sound)

Question 5

phonology (phonemics)

Answer 5

the psychological reality of sound (whether sound differences are meaningful in a given language)

Question 6

articulators

Answer 6

• change shape of vocal cavity
• air pushed past taut vocal folds (chords) makes them vibrate
• changing shape of your vocal cavity modulates sound
• diff shape = diff wavelengths resonate
• vocal tract: tube with lots of kinks and bends, can produce complex combinations of resonating frequencies

Question 7

IPA

Answer 7

International Phonetic Alphabet; international system of symbols to represent speech sounds

universal etic description of speech sounds

categorizes vowels based on roundedness of lips and place of articulation

categorizes consonants based on manner and place of articulation, and voicing - air flow stopped/impeded

Question 8

p

Answer 8

bilabial + plosive
pig

Question 9

b

Answer 9

bilabial + plosive
bag

Question 10

t

Answer 10

alveolar + plosive
tag

Question 11

d

Answer 11

alveolar + plosive
dig

Question 12

k

Answer 12

velar + plosive
cut

Question 13

g

Answer 13

velar + plosive
gut

Question 14

Ɂ

Answer 14

glottal + plosive
button; uh-oh

Question 15

m

Answer 15

bilabial + nasal
mat

Question 16

n

Answer 16

alveolar + nasal
no

Question 17

ŋ

Answer 17

velar + nasal
sing

Question 18

f

Answer 18

labiodental + fricative

Question 19

v

Answer 19

labiodental + fricative
vat

Question 20

θ

Answer 20

dental + fricative
thin

Question 21

ð

Answer 21

dental + fricative
then

Question 22

s

Answer 22

alveolar + fricative
sit

Question 23

z

Answer 23

alveolar + fricative
zap, dogs

Question 24

ʃ

Answer 24

postalveolar + fricative
she, motion

Question 25

ʒ

Answer 25

postalveolar + fricative pleasure, garage

Question 26

h

Answer 26

glottal + fricative help

Question 27

r

Answer 27

alveolar + trill

Question 28

ɾ

Answer 28

alveolar + tap/flap butter

Question 29

ɹ

Answer 29

alveolar + approximant red

Question 30

l

Answer 30

alveolar + lateral approximant lid

Question 31

j

Answer 31

palatal + approximant yard

Question 32

w

Answer 32

with

Question 33

ts

Answer 33

t+s = sound made by 'z' in pizza, tsunami

Question 34

dz

Answer 34

consonant in 'adze' or adds adze, adds

Question 35

tʃ

Answer 35

t+sh = 'ch' as in cheer chin

Question 36

dʒ

Answer 36

jo in joy ge in cabbage joy, George

Question 37

i

Answer 37

front close; non rounded ex: beet, feel, ski

Question 38

ɪ

Answer 38

front close; rounded ex: bit, fill

Question 39

e

Answer 39

front close-mid; non rounded ex: bait, Mary

Question 40

ɛ

Answer 40

front open-mid; non rounded ex: bet, merry, pet

Question 41

æ

Answer 41

front open/open mid; non rounded ex: bat, marry, cat

Question 42

a

Answer 42

open/front non-rounded father

Question 43

ə

Answer 43

central/close-open-mid ex: above, ago, taken, pencil

Question 44

ʌ

Answer 44

back open-mid less rounded ɔ ex: butt, cut

Question 45

u

Answer 45

back close; rounded ex: boot, tutu, food, lewd

Question 46

o

Answer 46

back close-mid; rounded ex: knoll

Question 47

ʊ

Answer 47

back-close; rounded ex: book

Question 48

ɔ

Answer 48

back open-mid rounded ʌ ex: bawdy, haughty, caught, bought

Question 49

backwards ɑ

Answer 49

back, rounded, low ex: body, hottie, cot

Question 50

how vowels are distinguished

Answer 50

height, frontedness, roundedness, length

Question 50

backwards D

Answer 50

back, low ex: cart

Question 51

frontedness

Answer 51

front vs. back of tongue

Question 52

roundedness

Answer 52

of lips; rounded vs. unrounded

Question 53

length

Answer 53

long or short

Question 54

diphthongs

Answer 54

vowel glides; tongue position moves during production of a diphthong vowel boy, say, or, fine, ice, so ,sew, cow

Question 55

monophthongs

Answer 55

vowels where tongue position does not move ":" indicates longer duration of vowel

Question 56

monophthongization

Answer 56

pronunciation of a diphthong as a monophthong: fine, ice closer to fan ass

Question 57

stop/plosive

Answer 57

complete closure of vocal tract followed by short burst of noise

Question 58

nasal

Answer 58

production involves lowered velum and closure in oral cavity so air flows out of nose

Question 59

trill

Answer 59

consonantal sound produced by vibrations between active and passive articulator series of flaps of tongue, lips, or uvula against part of mouth rolling r's

Question 60

tap

Question 61

fricative

Answer 61

noise at certain broad span of frequencies (no complete closure)

Question 62

approximant

Question 63

bilabial

Question 64

labiodental

Question 65

dental/alveolar/postalveolar

Question 66

palatal

Question 67

velar

Question 68

uvular

Question 69

glottal

Question 70

voiced and unvoiced consonants

Question 71

affricative (combined stop and fricative)

Answer 71

affricates: combinations of a stop followed by a fricative

Question 72

etic

Answer 72

outsider's view, requires no insider knowledge of language (can be objectively measured)

Question 73

emic

Answer 73

based on insider's knowledge (of meaningful distinctions)

Question 74

spectrograms

Answer 74

picturing sound; portrayal of how in speech the energy at given frequencies changes over time differences of vowels = concentration of energy at diff frequencies called 'formants' darkness of plot = sound energy dark bands = vowel formants