week 6 Flashcards
(30 cards)
1
Q
pragmatics
A
study of language in use in various situations
viewing language as social action
discourse - interactions, texts (above level of sentence, people communicating, language as action)
2
Q
speech acts
A
how you accomplish things with language
ex: promising, naming, insulting, marrying, declaring
3
Q
ethnomethodology
A
- harold Garfinkel
- how people do things (with language and otherwise)
- what is considered “normal” behavior
4
Q
conversational analysis
A
- close analysis of the “act sequence” (in the speaking acronym)
- CA focuses on the rules and mechanics of conversation
- based on fine-grained analysis of recorded interactions
- analysis of timing, overlap, false starts, topic control, code-switching, backchannel cues
5
Q
discourse analysis
A
- broader
- not just looking at conversations, but it can involve all kinds of linguistic interchanges
6
Q
Harold Garfinkel and garfinkeling
A
- deliberately breaking cultural rules to observe the reaction of others
- brings up questions: what do you have to do to act normal in a given situation? how do you act normal in interactions?
- norms and context; so many rules of interaction are not something that is stated
- ex: students garfinkeling TA - all turning away, sitting in desks towards window not front of room
7
Q
implicature, indirection
A
meaning deduced from the form of an utterance; the act of implying
saying something without saying it explicitly: people have to read the message between the lines
getting someone to understand something without saying it directly: indirection
intent: I want you to close the window
says: “gosh, it’s draft in here”
8
Q
context
A
- the circumstances: place, time, occasion (event, purpose, formality) who is there
9
Q
Hymes’ speaking: setting
A
- situation
10
Q
Hymes’ speaking: participants
A
- people who are actively speaking, communicating and people are being addressed
- bystanders
- all of that can affect what is said and how it’s understood
11
Q
Hymes’ speaking: ends
A
- goals or intents of people interacting
12
Q
Hymes’ speaking: act sequence
A
- ordering of conversation elements
13
Q
Hymes’ speaking: keys
A
- manner, mood
- formal vs. joking
14
Q
Hymes’ speaking: instrumentalities
A
- which language, channel
- live/video
- microphone
- signing
15
Q
Hymes’ speaking: norms
A
- appropriateness of options
- tied to genre
16
Q
Hymes’ speaking: genres
A
- kinds of speech events, lecture, chat
- university lecturer vs. informal chat with friends vs. small talk with cashier
17
Q
, framing
A
- frame: a context with certain expectations
- framing: using cues to “normalize” a certain behavior
- example: “o.k., now I’m going to do something unusual” [or, it’s Halloween, so I can dress less conventionally.]
18
Q
contextualization clues
A
- features that tell you what the context is, what is presupposed about the content, goals, direction, & impact of the conversation
- little details that help frame the interaction
- includes body position, facial expression, choice of words, intonation, loudness
19
Q
backchannel cues/minimal responses/active listening
A
- head nodding, mhmms, facial expressions and gestures that react to main speaker
- support and encourage speaker in a conversation
- are there differences in backchannel cues by gender (or other factors)
- cross-cultural differences : South Indian head shake/bobble; “aizuchi” Japanese practice of frequent backchannel cues
- aizuchi: frequent interjections during a conversation that indicate the listener is paying attention or understands the speaker
20
Q
fillers
A
- also called hesitation markers (uh, umm)
- fill silence, hold on to turn, delay response
different than ‘um-hm’ backchannel cues - similar sounds/gestures can have diff conversation functions
21
Q
hedges/hedging
A
- hedges: words that soften/weaken the impact of a statement (kind of, maybe, I guess, I think, it might, it could be)
- hedges can make a statement more polite
- hedges can make a person seem less authoritative
22
Q
footing
A
- the position, stance, posture, or projected self on an individual, through which they index how their utterances should be taken
- letting people know how you should understand them
- conveyed through topic, choice of vocabulary, tone of voice, and other discourse structures
- lecturer professor footing vs. friend footing
23
Q
floor in conversation
A
- holding a turn at conversation
- rules of holding the floor are affected by identity and context
24
Q
openings/closings
A
- opening: establishing attention, initiating conversation
- say good morning, welcome back at of launch
- compare with: launching directly into giving information, without a “hi”
- closing: establishing end of conversation
- example: I usually say something like “okay, we will continue with this next time” - rather than just stop talking at end o lecture
25
adjacency pairs
- any question-answer pair
- reciprocal greetings and goodbyes
- may need "repair" if second half is missing
- TA example
26
repair (in interactions)
- repair: fixing an awkward or problematic interaction
27
topic control (initiation and shift)
- 2 or more people
- who gets to choose the topic
- who gets to speak
- how do you change the topic of a conversation
- what do you have to do to tell your story
28
politeness and power
- what does it mean when you say you are sorry
29
factors and hedging
- gender
- how much a person uses hedges
- is hedging always indicative of weakness and less power
- can it mean something else
- norms of politeness
30
texting contextualization cues
- repeated letters, capitals, multiple exclamation points = positive affect
- lack of the above, and use of ellipsis (...) = negative affect
- difference vs. dominance model of gender difference
