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Clinical Exercise Biochemistry > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Explain ATP

A

High energy, 3 phosphate groups attached to a ribose sugar

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2
Q

What is released from ATP when hydrolysed?

A

Chemical energy causing a loss of 1 phosphate group

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3
Q

What do catabolic reactions do?

A

Release energy, used in ATP synthesis

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4
Q

What does ATP do during exercise?

A

Supplies demand of energy from skeletal muscle and other tissue

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5
Q

What maintains ATP during hard/anaerobic exercise?

A

A Myokinase reaction

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6
Q

Why does a myokinase reaction maintain ATP during hard/anaerobic exercise?

A

Reduces ATP, Increases ADP, Breaks down AMP and excretes via urea cycle

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7
Q

What does creatine kinase do?

A

Drives ATP synthesis during hard exercise

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8
Q

Why does PCr outweigh Cr in muscle?

A

To favour the conversion of Cr and ATP

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9
Q

During ATP regeneration, what is ATP supplied through?

A

The breakdown of carbohydrates and fats

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10
Q

What increases during ATP regeneration during exercise and why?

A

Pi and ADP, as myokinase reuses ADP to generate more ATP

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11
Q

What does glucose yield?

A

Energy

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12
Q

What is the 1st step of Carb digestion?

A

Amylase hydrolyses in the mouth

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13
Q

What is the 2nd step of Carb digestion?

A

Oligosaccharides are broken down into disaccharides in the villi of the small intestine

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14
Q

What is the 3rd step of carb digestion?

A

Lactase, Maltase and Sucrase breakdown disaccharides into monosaccharides

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15
Q

What is the 4th step of carb digestion?

A

Monosaccharides are absorbed into cytosol of enterocytes and transported into capillaries taht empty into venous blood and the vein that supplies the liver.

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16
Q

Where is glycogen mainly stored?

A

Liver (3-7%) and muscle (1-1.5%)

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17
Q

In muscle where is glycogen optimally located?

A

Between thick and thin filaments and near the mitochondria

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18
Q

What is enhanced by the breakdown of liver glycogen during exercise?

A

ATP provision in muscle

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19
Q

What is the process of glycogen synthesis?

A

UTP reacts with glucose to provide energy to build the glycogen chain

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20
Q

What is the process of glycogen breakdown?

A

A phosphate group is added to glucose to release it from the glycogen chain

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21
Q

What does exercise do for glycogen?

A

Regulates the breakdown of glycogen

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22
Q

During exercise, what happens to the rate of glycogen breakdown in skeletal muscle?

A

It increases within seconds of muscle contraction due to the high demand for ATP

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23
Q

Where else is glycogen breakdown increased during exercise?

A

In the liver supplying the muscle with more glucose

24
Q

What causes the increase of glycogenolysis in the liver?

A

Adrenaline (systemic change)

25
Q

What system is increased post exercise?

A

Glycogen synthesis

26
Q

How many phases are there in glycogen resynthesis post exercise?

A

2

27
Q

What are the 2 phases of glycogen resysnthesis called?

A

Insulin independent and dependent

28
Q

What is the difference between the 2 phases of glycogen resynthesis?

A

ii is 0-4 hours after, id is 4-24 hours after, id has a lower rate of synthesis

29
Q

What can the breakdown of carbohydrates supply in metabolism?

A

Protons and electrons for ATP

30
Q

When a substrate is oxidised, how many hydrogen atoms does it give up and why?

A

2, turns one into NAD+ or FADH from a hydride ion and the other one is released as a proton lowering the pH.

31
Q

Is Glycolysis an aerobic or anaerobic pathway?

A

Anaerobic

32
Q

Does glycolysis have a high or low energy yield taking place in the cytosol?

A

Low

33
Q

What is the reactant in glycolysis?

A

Glucose

34
Q

What 4 factors speed up the rate of glycolysis during exercise?

A

Substrate availability, Physiological factors, Cellular factors, Molecular factors

35
Q

Is the Krebs cycle aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Aerobic

36
Q

Does the krebs cycle have a high or low energy yield in the mitochondrial matrix?

A

low

37
Q

What is the reactant in the krebs cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA

38
Q

What causes pyruvate oxidation?

A

Shutting of pyruvate to the mitochondria yielding large amounts of ATP, Pyruvate is then oxidised to Acetyl CoA through pyruvate dehydrogenase which generates NADH

39
Q

What are the site of multiple oxidation reactions?

A

Mitochondria

40
Q

What is the krebs cycle?

A

A series of 9 reactions that oxidises acetyl coA into carbon dioxide

41
Q

How much ATP is produced from the krebs cycle?

A

Small amount

42
Q

What happens to the metabolites in the krebs cycle?

A

They are recycled

43
Q

Is oxidative phosphorylation aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Aerobic

44
Q

Is the energy yield of oxidative phosphorylation high or low?

A

High

45
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

A

Mitochondrial intermembrane space and matrix

46
Q

What does the electron transport chain do?

A

Reoxidises reduced coenzymes (NADH and FADH2) back to their oxidised forms

47
Q

During the electron transport chain, how many protons and electrons are lost?

A

2 electrons and 1 proton

48
Q

What happens to NAD+ and FADH at the end of the electron transport chain?

A

They are recycled back to the cytosol and mitochondrial matrix

49
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Reduction of oxygen to generate high energy phosphate bonds in the form of ATP

50
Q

Where is ATP synthase embedded?

A

Cristae of the inner mitochondrial membrane

51
Q

How many molecules of ATP can 1 glucose molecule yield?

A

30 ATP molecules

52
Q

How is the resynthesis optimised for different activities?

A

By using different energy systems

53
Q

In anaerobic conditions how is lactate produced in muscle?

A

From pyruvate via lactate dehydrogenase

54
Q

Why is lactate production often associated with muscle fatigue and soreness during exercise?

A

Lactate leaves active muscle fibres down a concentration gradient which enters less active muscle fibres, reforming pyruvate

55
Q

What is liver glycogen a source of during exercise?

A

A source of glucose

56
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

When carbon skeletons from other molecules are used to synthesise glucose for energy provision

57
Q

What process uses pyruvate as a substrate?

A

Gluconeogenesis

Clinical Exercise Biochemistry (6 decks)

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