Week 4 Flashcards
(44 cards)
1
Q
Common sense theory of emotion
A
- What emotional feelings do
- They produce motivated behaviour
- Stimulus – fear then body response from fear
2
Q
Cannon-bard theory
A
- Feelings and behaviour occur simultaneously
- Stimulus – fear and body response at the same time
3
Q
James-Lange theory
A
- Stimulus – body response then fear
- Behaviour comes first, feelings follow
- Theory of what emotions actually are and where they come from
- Doesn’t explain what emotions do
- Emotional feelings are sensory feelings
- Emotions stimulated when you perform actions
- Experience of a sensory feedback
- We feel sorry because we cry
4
Q
James-Lange bear example
A
- Scary bear stimulates exteroceptors
- Visual and auditory perception of stimulus lead to action programme (SNS)
- Behavioural responses stimulate receptors (somatosensory and visceral)
- Feedback of response causes the emotional experience
- Emotional experience motivates further action
- If no feedback, then no emotion
5
Q
Spinal issues associated with James-Lange
A
- People without body sensation should not experience emotion
- Loss of sensation is associated with spinal injury
- Emotions should be reduced the less the sensation
- Some studies have reported a reduction in intensity that is greater the higher the level of the injury
6
Q
Cannon-bard thalamus
A
- Emotionally significant stimulus send response to thalamus
- Thalamus is the source of emotional experience
- Thalamus sends to other subcortical structures including the hypothalamus to produce bodily responses
- Thalamus also sends signals to the cortex which produces emotional feelings
7
Q
Papez circuit
A
- Emotional stimulus causes signal to thalamus
- Thalamus sends signal to sensory cortex and hypothalamus
- Circuit
- Hypothalamus connected to bodily response
- Sensory cortex sends signal to cingulate cortex
- Hypothalamus to anterior thalamus to cingulate cortex to hippocampus
- Cingulate cortex linked to feeling
8
Q
Cingulate cortex
A
- Cortical tissue of the cingulate gyrus
9
Q
The limbic system
A
- Cingulate gyrus
- Hippocampus
- Parahippocampal gyrus
- Amygdala
- Hypothalamus
- Thalamus
10
Q
Emotional brain
A
- A brain system that is alone responsible for generating emotional experience
- Emotion is something separate fro other processes or functions such as memory, thought, perception
11
Q
Lobotomy
A
- Cutting through fibres of white matter
- Severs connections to and from the prefrontal cortex
- Orbitofrontal cortex, superior, medial and temporal regions of the prefrontal cortex
12
Q
Lobotomy impacts
A
- Depends on the extent and location
- Docile personalities
- Excessive and inappropriate emotions were reduced and eliminated
13
Q
Pathways involved in emotion
A
- Subcortical pathway – involved with emotional behaviour
- Cortical pathway – involved in production of feelings
14
Q
Pavlovian threat conditioning
A
- Conditional stimulus – beep
- Aversive unconditioned stimulus – shock
- Delay is most commonly used method
15
Q
Threat conditioning advantages
A
- Works quickly and reliability – CRs are acquired with little training
- Learned effects are very long – can be lifelong
- Operates in a range of species
16
Q
Threat conditioning – circuitry
A
- Entirely subcortical
- Auditory signals travel from the auditory nuclei to the auditory thalamus and then the amygdala
- Shock signals travel from the spinal cord to the somatosensory thalamus to the amygdala
- The amygdala – small cluster of nuclei
- LA – lateral nucleus
- CE – central nucleus
- CS and US information converges on the LA which then sends the output to the CE
- CE organises the response
- Sends to CG, LH and PVH
- CG – central grey – freeze responses
- LH – lateral hypothalamus – autonomic responses
- PVH – paraventricular hypothalamus – endocrine responses
17
Q
LA
A
lateral nucleus
18
Q
CE
A
central nucleus
19
Q
CG
A
central grey
freeze response
20
Q
LH
A
lateral hypothalamus
autonomic response
21
Q
PVH
A
paraventricular hypothalamus
endocrine response
22
Q
Threat conditioning in amnesiacs
A
- No declarative knowledge that the CS is threatening
- However exhibit CRs
23
Q
Damaged amygdalae in threat conditioning
A
- Do not acquire threat conditioning responses
- Do have declarative memory of the conditioning procedure
- Don’t learn to respond in a threat emotional way
24
Q
Where does the threat feelings arise?
A
- Cerebral cortex – as proposed by Cannon and Papez
25
Does the cortex play a role in threat conditioning?
- Fine discriminations between stimuli
- Contextual learning
- Extinction
26
Fine discriminations between stimuli
- Cortex involves in processing information – sensory instrument
- Discrimination between similar stimuli requires the relevant sensory areas of the cerebral cortex
- Only coarse sensory analysis is possible at the subcortical level
27
What is the sensory cortex responsible for in threat conditioning?
- Sensory cortex is responsible for discrimination between stimuli of similar type and identification of distal stimuli (what is it that is threatening)
28
What is the role of the amygdala in threat conditioning?
- Amygdala (particularly the LA) is the primary site of the learned changes that result from threat conditioning
29
What is the role of the subcortical circuit in threat conditioning?
- Subcortical circuit is responsible for quick, coarse responses to threatening/dangerous stimuli
30
Threat conditioning and context
- Response is stronger when the context is the same
- Hippocampus involved as it sends the contextual information
31
Extinction in threat conditioning
- Inhibition in areas of the prefrontal cortex directly to the amygdala
- Suppresses the activity of the amygdala
32
Lateralisation
- One side of the body is controlled by the opposing hemisphere
33
Divided visual field theory
- Tests the effect of callosotomy and general lateralisation
- Relies on the visual pathway from the eye to the cerebral cortex via the LA
34
Functional specialisation
- If a structure/region of the CNS performs one particular function, then it is said to be specialised for that function
35
Functional localisation
- If a particular function is carried out only in one specific region or structure within the CNS, then it is said to be localised to that region or structure
36
Functional lateralisation
- If a particular function is carried out in one side of the CNS but not the other, then that function is said to be lateralised
37
Which other cortical regions share cross-over properties?
- Motor, visual and somatosensory cortex
38
Can we conclude that the LA is the location of synaptic changes in conditioning?
- No, we need more information, could occur in the CE
39
What would you expect to happen if the nuclei of the lateral hypothalamus were damaged or removed?
- Autonomic responses would be absent or reduced, but endocrine and skeletomotor responses would not be
40
What would happen if the prefrontal cortex link to the amygdala was removed?
- It suppresses threat responses
- Removes this suppression
- Removes acquisition of suppression
41
LeDoux
- Idea that there are two parallel circuits by which emotionally salient information reaches the amygdalae
- Based on Pavlovian threat conditioning studies
42
Auditory cortex
- If deactivated, the animal responds to both stimuli
- As if they both signalled the shock
43
Cortical components
- Slow with identification ability
- Can determine whether stimulus is worth responding to
44
Subcortical circuit use
- Acts quickly to put the body in a state of readiness to deal with the upcoming danger or to escape from it
- Circuit acts beneath the level of conscious awareness but has limited discriminative ability
