Week 4-5 Flashcards
(198 cards)
1
Q
completely or partly molten rock, which on cooling solidifies to form an igneous rock composed of silicate minerals
A
Magma
2
Q
It is the liquid component of magma composed of mobile ions of the common elements in the Earth’s crust
A
Melt
3
Q
Gaseous components of magma
A
Volatiles
4
Q
A process where cooling reverses the ecent of melting and ions pack more closely as temperature and rate of movement slows
A
Crystallization
5
Q
The basic building block of silicate minerals
A
Silica Tetrahedron
6
Q
Most abundant elements of igneous rocks
A
Silicon, Oxygen
7
Q
Most abundant mineral group
A
Feldspars
8
Q
Rocks between granitic and basaltic compostions are said to be
A
intermediate or andesitic
9
Q
describe the overall appearance of rock based on size, shape, and arrangement of mineral grains
A
Texture
10
Q
Rocks that consist of unordered ions that are frozen randomly in place are referred to as
A
glass
11
Q
The various igneous textures result mainly from_________ whereas the minerology of an igneous rock is the consequence of _________
A
different cooling histories; the chemical makeup of its parent magma.
12
Q
Large crystals in a porphrytic texture is called ______
A
Phenocrysts
13
Q
The three components of magma
A
Liquid Component (Melt)
Solid Component
Gaseous Phase (Volatiles)
14
Q
Common volatiles in magma
A
Water Vapor
Carbon Dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide
15
Q
Common dark silicate minerals in the crust
A
Olivine, pyroxene, amphibple, biotite mica
16
Q
Common light silicates
A
quartz, muscovite mica, feldspars
17
Q
Factors that influence igneous texture
A
> cooling rate
silica content
amound of dissolved gases
18
Q
Define polymerization
A
Union of two or more molecules of given structure to form a new compound with the same elemental proportions but with different properties and a higher molecular weight.
19
Q
What are pegmatites
A
rocks composed of interlocking crystals all larger than a centimeter in diameter
20
Q
What is pele’s hair
A
strands of volcanic glass from lava fountains
21
Q
A pyroclastic rock can be classified a volcanic breccia if
A
pyroclastic fragments are greater than 2 mm
22
Q
Define geothermal gradient
A
The increase in temperature as one goes down beneath the earth
23
Q
Mineral assemblage of diorite
A
Sodic Plagiocalse, amphiboles, biotite
24
Q
Ways for magma to generate
A
> increase of temp
decrease in pressure in constant heat
introduction of volatiles
25
Minerals under the discontinous series
olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite, K-Feldspar, muscovite, quartz
26
Define Magmatic differentiation
Formation of one or more seconadary magmas from a single parent magma
27
Define magmatic assimilation
Incorporation of host rock by migrating magma
28
Assiilation v Magma mixing
> Assimilation involves disologing blocks of foreign host rock, melting it and then mixes with the intruding melt
> Mixing of two chemically different magmas; younger buoyant magma overtakes and mix with the older existing magma.
29
If intrusive rocks form underground, why can geologists aquire such samples.
Observable intrusive rocks are observed at surfaces where uplifting and erosions stripped away overlying rocks
30
How does pegmatites form
> Form late in magma crystallization
> unsually high percentage of volatiles in melt, encouraging enhanced ion migration
>abnormally large crystals form
31
Granite has a variety of colors such as red and light gray. Why?
> reddish : k-felds dominant and dark pink
> light gray: white to gray feldspars mized with small amounts of dark silicates
32
In a field, how would you distinguish grayish granite from diorite
> granite would have an absence of visible qtz in contrast to diorite
33
Explain decompression melting
> confining pressure increases rock melting temp
> occurs in areas of mantle upwelling; lower pressure zones; divergent plate boundaries
> removal of pressure lowers melting temp
> decompression melting happeneds when confining pressure drops
34
How does volatiles induce melting?
> by causing rock to melt at lower temperatures; can be magnified by increased pressure
35
How is magma generated at subduction settings
> water is brought to the mantle via subducting lithosphere slabs
> fluids migrate at the overlying mantle
> addition of volatiels reduve melting temps of peridoite; generating melt
> magma rises towards surface
> in continental settings: ponding beneath crustal rocks; evolution from mafic to felsic magma
36
Explain and Illustrate Bowens Reaction Series
> an idealized sequence of mineral crystalization starting from basaltic magma under certain temperature regimes
37
The minerals biotite, sodic plagioclase, and amphibole belongs to the same temperature regime in the bowens rxn series. What does this imply?
> these minerals are found together in the same igneous rock particularly andesites or diorite
38
How is crystal settling relevant to magmatic differentiation?
> ferromagnesian minerals are dense and sinks below magma chamber
> the resulting settling of minerals causes a difference in composition (mafic lower, felsic upper)
39
A melt produced via partial melting would be ____ compared to its parent magma. Why is that?
> richer in silica
>partial melting causes felsic minerals to melt first while the mafic mineral stays in its solid form; mainly due to the difference in melting temperatures
> the difference causes melt to be enriched in silica
40
Largest mineral group and most abundant in the crust
Silicates
41
Mineral with metal + oxygen combination
Oxides
42
The minerals iron chromiaum oxide, titanium dioxide, and hydrogen dioxide are known as
chromite , rutile, ice
43
minerals are are characterized with metallic luster, high density, and low hardness
a. Sulfides
44
These group of minerals are commonly found in evaporitic settings
Halides, Sulfates, Carbonates
45
The mineral the comprises the teeth and bones of living organisms
Apatite
46
O:Si of Cyclosilicates
[3:1]
47
O:Si of Nesosilicates
[4:1]
48
O:Si of Phyllosilicates
[2.5:1]
49
Most important parameters for mineral classification
>chemical composition
>internal crystal structure
50
Classificaitons based on the Nickel-Strunz
Native Elements
Sulfides
Halides
Oxides
Nitrates
Carbonates
Borates
Sulfates
Phophates
Silicates
Organic compounds
51
Three types of closed rings found in cyclosilicates
> 3 tetrahedrons sharing an oxygen
> 6 tetrahedrons sharing an oxygen
> 4 tetrahedrons sharing an oxygen
52
Describe Inosilicates
> two oxygens atoms from each tetrahedrons bond to form open chains
53
Examples of tectosilicates
feldspars, quartz ,feldspathoids, zeolite group
54
essential mineral v accessory mineral
Essential: minerals forming the essential components of a rock
Accessory: minerals present in trivial amounds
55
Enumerate pyralspite
Pyrope, Almadine, Spessartine
56
Enumerate ugrandites
Uvarovite, grossularite, andradite
57
What is the Goldschmist Classification of elements
geochemical classification of elements groups the chemical elements according to their preferred host phases within the Earth
58
Types of chemical bonds
Ionic, Covalent, Metallic, Van der waals, Hydrogen
59
Minerals under K-feldspar series
Orthoclase, Microline, Sanidine
60
Minerals under plagioclase series
Albite, Bywotonite, Labradorite, Andesine, Oligoclase, Anorthoclase
61
How would you differentiate amphiboles from pyroxenes under PPL
Cleavage:
Px : 90 degrees
Amphi: 60 and 120 degrees
62
Can magmas be dominated by compositions other than silica (SiO2)
Yes. An example would be carbonatites which is rich in carbonate components.
63
How are trace elements dominant if they consitiute a small fraction of the magma compositions
They provide clues to the origin of igneous rocks.
64
Why is it that a magma with rich felsic composition is not expected to crystallize minerals such as olivines and pyroxenes.
> rich in silica, qtz, k-felds, sodic plag, are expected crystllizations
> felsic magma depleted of Mg and FeO
65
How does SiO2 content relate to silicate structure and mineral strength
> more SiO2 = greater polymerization = greater mineral strength
66
Why does rising mantle plume pools at the moho discontinuity before rising further through the lithosphere
> rising mantle plume loses its density as when it reaches the moho
> crystallization and differentiation of melt would increase its buoyancy and rise through lithosphere
67
Relate undercooling to the degree of crystalinity
> undercooling refers to magma cooling faster than it can crystallize
> large undercooling results in high nucleation, low crystalinity
> small undercooling results in lowe nucleation, high crystalinity
68
A thin section sample is found to be fine grained dominated by microlaths of plagioclases and volcanic glass. Phenocrysts of olivines, plagioclases, and pyroxenes generally have a feathery/skeletal texture and shows zoning. What would be its implications regarding its formation and its rock id.
> Mineral assemblage is characteristic to a mafic igneous rock
> Dominance of volcanic glass and plag microliths indicate a aphanitic texure
> Skeletal/feathery textures and zoning indicates rapid cooling rates
> Rock may be Basalt
69
An outcrop far inland features pillow basalts overlain by intercalated limestones and sandstones. What would be its implication regarding its past environment.
> Sandstones usually form in terrestrial environment
> Limestones form in shallow marine waters
> Pillow basalts form when mafic magma extrudes and comes in contact with water
> marine environment, mutiple episodes of transgression and regression
70
triple junction
a point at which three plates meet,
71
this triple juction is always stable
ridge-ridge-ridge
72
the approximation of the earth's magnetic field
dipole field
73
difference between the Earth’s magnetic field and the best dipole field
non-dipole field
74
Inclination of the earth's magnetic axis to the geographic axis
11.5 degrees
75
location of geomagnetic north
79 deg N, 71 deg W
76
the line along which the magnetic field is horizontal and has no vertical component
magnetic equator
77
constant stream of ionized particles emitted by the Sun
solar wind
78
produced where the solar wind is slowed by interaction with the Earth’s magnetic field.
bow shock
79
Two triple juctions that are always unstable
fault–fault–fault and fault–ridge–ridge junctions
80
What is space weather
active processes and interactions which take place between the magnetosphere and the solar wind
81
Define magnetosphere
region of space surrounding Earth where the dominant magnetic field is the magnetic field of Earth, rather than the magnetic field of interplanetary space
82
Define magnetosheath
region of space between the magnetopause and the bow shock of a planet's magnetosphere
83
Define magnetopause
the boundary between the planet's magnetic field and the solar wind.
84
What are the van allen radiation belts
zones of charged particles trappe by the Earth’s magnetic field
85
Define the Curie point
temperature at which certain magnetic materials undergo a sharp change in their magnetic properties
86
A rock below blocking temperature means that
the magnetized grains of a cooling rock cannot be reoriented
87
Define thermoremanent magnetization
The alignment of a cooling igneous rock's magnetic moment to the direction of the earth's magnetic field.
88
depositional or detrital remanent magnetization (DRM) vs chemical remanent magnetization (CRM)
DRM: Alignment of small grained detritus deposited in still water
CRM: acquired in situ after deposition during the chemical growth of iron oxide grains, as in a sandstone
89
Curie temperatures for Iron, Magnetite and Hematite
770◦C, 580◦C, 680◦C
90
What is Induced Magnetization
Magnetization of a rock induced by the earth's magnetic field
91
What makes a triple juction stable
> plate motion and the position of boundaries does not cause the change of configuration over time
92
How are the Northern and Southern lights made
> changes in solar wind causes charged paticles in the van allen belts to enter the upper atmosphere
> particles lose enery, electrons drop back to lower energy state, and releases light
93
What causes magnetic storms
Major sunspot activity causes changes in the solar wind, which in turn result in short-term fluctuations in the magnetic field
94
How can sedimentary rocks acquire remanent magnetization
by either DRM where grains aligns in still water as they deposit or CRM where developing iron oxides orients after rock formation.
95
Explain the Vine-Matthews Hypothesis
> strips of seafloor parallel to MORs are magnetized in opposite directions due to the magnetic reversals of the earth
96
How did geophysicists were able to track plate movement via paleolatitudes
> Rocks record the magnetic latitude on where it was formed
> If that certrain rock moved it would have a different latitude from where it presently is
97
Basalt flow at 47◦N, 20◦E.
Angle of inclination = 30◦
Calculate the magnetic latitude of this site at the time the basalt was magnetized
tan I = 2 tan λ
tan 30 = 2 tanλ
λ = 16.1
98
Why is the study of triple junctions important
> provide valuable information about the geological evolution of regions over time
99
Earth's Age
4.6 bya
100
upward swelling of soil due to the formation of ice during freezing conditions.
frost heave
101
great reduction in pressure that occurs
when the overlying rock is eroded away
unloading
102
curved or domed structures that form when layers of material are peeled off or separated in a non-uniform manner.
exfolation domes
103
the kind of fracture that is produced by contraction during the cooling of igneous materials, and tectonic forces during mountain building, often forming a definite pattern
joints
104
In chemical weathering, what do plant roots, fungi, and lichens produce that promotes decomposition?
Acids
105
What is the most important agent of chemical weathering?
Water
106
Most abundant products of feldspars
Clay minerals
107
A common boundary where different systems interact
interface
108
refers to the proportions of different particle sizes of soils
Soil texture
109
a layer of rock and mineral fragments produced by weathering
Regolith
110
Soil usually forms as clumps refered to as
Peds
111
Examples of external processes
Weathering, Mass Wasting, Erosion
112
Examples of internal processes
Orogenic and Volcanic Activity
113
Weathering?
physical breakdown (disintegration) and chemical alteration (decomposition) of rocks at or near Earth’s surface
114
Mass Wasting?
the transfer of rock and soil downslope under the influence of gravity
115
Erosion?
The physical removal of material by mobile agents such as water, wind, or ice
116
Mechanical Weathering?
accomplished by physical forces that break rock into smaller and smaller pieces without changing the rock’s mineral composition
117
Chemical Weathering?
involves a chemical transformation of rock into one or more new compounds.
118
Important processes that fragments rock
Frost wedging, salt crystal growth, sheeting, biologic activity
119
End points of the soil texture diagram
Sand, Silt, Clay
120
Differential Weathering?
The weathering of landforms in different rates due to composition, structure and resistance to weathering
121
Four basic soil structure (peds)
platy, prismatic, blocky, spheroidal
122
Residual soils v Transported soils
Residual : parent material is bedrock
Transported: parent material is loose sediment
123
What would be the general relationship of time to soil formation
> the longer a soil forms, the less it resembles the parent material
124
What would be the optimum terrain for soil development? Its opposite?
> flat to undulating upland surface
> steep slopes
125
The basic controls of soil formation
>Parent material, time, climate, Plants and animals, topogrphy
126
The five horizons that forms the soil profile
O, A, E, B, C,
127
Why are weathering, mass wasting, erosion are considered as external processes
> occur at or near Earth’s surface and are powered by energy from the Sun.
128
Frost wedging process
>water can expand 9% when freezing
>freezing water enters cracks
>expands and enlarges cracks
129
Salt crystal growth process
>sea spray from breaking waves or salty groundwater penetrates rock crevices and pore spaces
>water exaporateds and salt crystrals form
>crystal growth pushes rock, weakening it
130
Sheeting process
>process generating onion like layers when large igneous rocks are exposed to weathering;
131
How do plant roots contribute to weathering by growing into fractures?
They wedge the rock apart
132
What is the role of burrowing animals in weathering
They break down rock by moving fresh material to the surface
133
What does chemical weathering involve in terms of altering minerals
Removing and/or adding elements to alter internal structures
134
What is the result of the transformation in chemical weathering?
Original rock decomposes into substances stable in the surface environment
135
The chemical equation for limestone dissolution
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O --> Ca(HCO3)2
136
The vegetation at Mount Hamiguitan is a dwarf forest composed of miniature trees. What does it imply for soil composition and parent rock.
> the soil is composed of ferromagnesian minerals
> parent rock is likely mafic in composition
137
How does the chemical weathering of granite lead to chert nodules
> silica dissolved by water
> silica enriched water is transported and eventually precipitates in pore spaces of sediment grains
138
Why is quartz resistant to chemical weathering`
>Hardness of quartz in Mohs Scale (7)
>Qtz is inert and chemically stable
>Framework strcurture provides stability
139
Cassiterite chemical composition
SnO2
140
chalcocite chemical composition
Cu2S
141
chalcopyrite chemical composition
CuFeS2
142
cinnabar chemical composition
HgS
143
chromite chemical composition
FeCr2O4
144
% An of Bywotonite
70-90
145
% An of Anorthite
90-100
146
Calcic endmember of plagioclase
Anorthite
147
Sodic endmember of plagioclase
Albite
148
Cobalt Ores and chemical composition
Cobaltite, CoAsS
Linnacite, Co3S4
Smaltite, CoAS2
Erythrite, Co3As208-8H20
149
Iron Ores and chemical composition
Hematite, Fe2O3
Magnetite, Fe3O4
Goethite, FeO(OH)
Limonite, FeO(OH)-nH2O
Siderite, FeCO3
150
Shield Volcano characteristics
> gentle upper slopes ans steeper lower slopes
> formed by low viscosity lava flows
> non explosive eruptions
> has a central vent
151
Stratovolcano characteristics
> steeper slopes (6-10 deg on flanks; 30 deg near top)
> interlayering of lava flows and pyroclastic material
> andesitic to rhyolitic in composition
152
Tephra Cones characteristics
> Small volume cones formed from tephra produced by strombolian eruptions
> Basaltic to Andesitic
> Cone slopes are controlled by angle of repose (25-35 deg)
> Layered strucuture due to varying intensities of past explosions ans subsequent deposits
153
Maars characteristic
> Created from phreatic or phreatomagmatic eruptions,
> Water is blasted by heated steam which forms a tephra cone with gentle slopes, resulting crater fills with water to form a lake
154
Lava Domes characteristics
> extrusion of highly viscous and gas poor andesitic-rhyolitic magma
> lava piles up over the vent due to high viscosity
> brecciated flanks
155
Crater v Caldera
> Craters: Circular depressions less than 1km, formed from explosions
> Calderas: larger depressions, circular to elliptical, diameters ranging 1-50 km, formed from structural collapse
156
Mofette vs Solfatara
Moffette: fumarole that emits CO2
Solfatara: fumarole that emits sulfurous gases
157
Hotspring vs Geysers
Hotspring: areas where hot water surfaces
Geysers: a hotspring with a plumbing system that allows the accumulation of steam
158
Lava Dome vs Resurgent Dome
Lava domes: extrusion of viscous magma, piles up to form a dome
Resurgent dome: Resurging domes when magma is reinjected to existing calderas
159
Stoping vs Shouldering
Stoping: Host rock breaks into pieces and settles into the intruding magma
Shouldering: The explotation of mamga between layers of host rock, creating fractures
160
Explain the Phase Rule
>dictates the number of phases that can coexist in any system
> P=C+2-F
P = number of phases
C = min number of chemical components
F = degrees of freedom or variance
161
Explain the Lever Rule
>used to locate positions on a phase diagram
162
SiO2 Polymorphs and respective crystal structure
Alpha Qtz - hexagonal
Beta Qtz - hexagonal
Tridymite - Monoclinic
Cristobalite - Cubic
Coesite - Monoclinic
Stishovite - Tetragonal
163
Exaplin the Three common types of equilibria
Invariant: neither P or T cant change
Univariant: P or T can be changed independently
Divariant: P and T are free to change without changing the stability of the system
164
How does basaltic magma form
-1000 - 1250 deg C
-partial melting of peridotite into basaltic magma
-triggered by a reduction in confining pressure (adiabatic melting)
-in subduction zones; water from descending slab promotes partial melting
165
How does andesitic magma form
- basaltic magma undegoes magmatic differentiation as it rises
- rising basaltic magma assimilate silica rich crustal rock
166
The mechanisms that leads to the development of Lopoliths
-meteorite impact and associated crustal melting
-normal faulting ang crustal melting
-a sill like structure that receives upwelling magma from a conical feeder tube,
167
How did volcanic necks form?
- ancient conduit pipes that funneled magma upward to a volcano that has long since been removed by erosion.
168
Why is columnar joinitng in basalts possible
- contraction of lava as it cools
- formation and development of cracks perpendicular so surface
- slower cooling rate at bottom; fgaster at top
169
The IRR of RA 9275
DAO 2005-10
170
Provides the legal framework for the establishment and mangement of protected areas in the PH
RA 7586
171
The section in the Constitution which states the protection and right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology
Section 16, Article 2
172
What doctrine does the PH has in regulating mineral resources
Regalian Doctrine
173
a global agreement to protect the stratospheric ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances
Montreal protocol
174
RA 8371 is also known as
Indigenous people act of 1997
175
RA 7942 is also known as
Philippine Mining act of 1995
176
RA 7076 is also known as
People's Small-scale Mining Act of 1991
177
What is the Revised Implementing Rules and Regulationg of RA 7942
DAO 2010-21
178
Briefly explain the primary objective of the RA 9275
To protect the waterbodies of the PH and ensure acess to clean water for Filipinos
179
Enumerate the Freshwater classifications under DAO 2016-08 and briefly explain
Class AA : unhinhabited watersheds and declared protected areas
Class A: suitable potable water
Class B: safe for recreational activities
Class C: aquaculture, irrigation and livestock watering
Class D: navigable waters
180
Categories of Protected areas under NIPAS law
Strict Nature Reserve
Natural Park
Natural Monument
Wildlife Sanctuary
Protected Landscapes and Seascapes
Resource Reserve
Natural Biotic Areas
181
What is the Regalian Doctrine in the contect of mineral resources
A doctrine that espouses that the state is the sole owner of the mineral resources found in its territory
182
Ancestral Doman VS Ancestral Land
Ancestral Domain: all areas generally belonging go ICC/IPs communally or individually since time immemorial continually to the present
Ancestral Land: land occupied, possessed and utilized by ICC/IP individuals, family and clans since time immemorial
183
What does FTAA stand for
Financial Technical Assistance Agreement
184
What does MPSA stand for
Mineral Production Sharing Agreement
185
Explain the concept of Free & Prior Informed Consent
consent obtained that is free from coercion, manipulation or intimidation
consent that is sought in advance of any activities/decision
individual/members had adequate and timely information about the proposed activity/decision
186
Areas closed to mining applications
Protected areas under NIPAS law
Old Growth/Virgin Forests
Forest and other government reservations unless with clearance
Built up Areas
Ancestral Domains/Lands unless with FPIC from IPs/ICCs
Other areas espressly prohibited by law
187
Kinds of Mineral Agreements
Mineral Production Sharing Agreement (MPSA); Co-Production Agreement (CA); and
Joint Venture Agreement (JVA)
188
How would a Sand and Gravel Permit issued by DENR-MGB differ from one that is issued by the LGU
The hectare of the project area issused by the DENR-MGB would be 5-20 ha while LGU can only give permits for less than 5 ha
189
What are the kinds of tenements issued by the DENR-MGB
1. Exploration Permit (EP)
2. Mineral Agreements
3. Financial or Technical Assistance Agreements (FTAA)
4. Mineral Processing Permits (MPP)
5. Industrial Sand and Gravel Permits (>5 to 20 hectares)
6. OTPs/MOEPs
190
How does other agencies work with the main institutional mechanism in implementing the clean water act
DPWH: sewage + sanitation facilities
Coast Guard: enfore quality standards in marine envi
DA: agricultural wastewater management
DOH: formulate revise and enforce quality drinking water standards
DOST: pollution prevention and production tech
191
How would the government encourage private sector participation in preserving the water resources
Section 21 of RA 9275 mandates LGUs to come up with incentives for proceedures/technologies that would will preserve and protect our water bodies
192
How does the ENIPAS act improve upon the NIPAS act.
Newer Classifications for national parks (94 vs 13)
Inclusion of private lands as buffer zones
Adminstration and mangement by BMB rather tan PAWD
E-nipas includes land and water use plans while nipas only includes land use plan
All projects/activities whether or not included in the mngt plan must have EIA under the E-nipas
E-nipas would give more rights to ICC/IPs
193
A landower is under scrutiny by a certain IP community due to conlifcting claims of a certain area. According to IPs it belonged to them since it is a part of ancestral land. However, the land was already titled prior to is declaration as an ancestral land. Which claimant would have the better claim and why.
The landowner since the area was already titled to him. Ancestral Domain/Land is only applicable to areas without a tite.
194
A significant Cu-Au porphy is discovered on a certain area which promts Company A to make plans to mine the area in the forseeable future. However, portions of that area is wihtin an ancestral domain. How could the mining company legally conduct mining activities with these conditions in mind.
The mining company would at least pay a set amount of royalties to the owning IP/ICC
The said company needs to have free and prior informed consent from the IP/ICC along with other social corporate responsibilities in order for a mining permit to be issued.
195
A certain Juan aspires to make a difference in the mining industry. To do that he/she must at least be a Qualified Person. What would qualify him/her as one?
-Filipino Citizen
-Legal age
-financially and technically capable
196
What factors would make mining activities as responsible
development of the country’s mineral resources is based on technical feasibility, environmental sustainability, social acceptability, and financial viability.
197
In what situations would a FTAA be more preferrable than a MPSA?
-100% owned by a foriegn corporation
-area not more than 81 000 ha onshore or 324 000 offshore
-large scale exploration exploration, development and utilization of mineral resources. Usually with techonologies beyond the capabilities of local companies, hence the bidding of foreign ones.
198
Under the RA 10121, which agency would take the lead in a disaster and under which criteria
Barangay Affected: BDC
Multiple Brgy: CDRRMC/MDRRMC
Multiple Municipalities/Cities: PDRRMC
Multiple Provinces: Regional DRRMC
Multiple Regions: NDRRMC.
