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EBP > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What Type of Research Design is Quasi-Experimental?

A

Mostly Experimental, some Exploratory

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2
Q

Quasi Experimental is Similar to Experimental Design, except…

A

it lacks random assignment or comparison group or both

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3
Q

What type of Designs are Quasi Experimental?

A

One-Group or Multigroup

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4
Q

Another name for one group design is…

A

pretest-posttest

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5
Q

Describe one group design

A

you have a sample study that undergoes a pretest, then an intervention, followed by a post test, and no comparison

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6
Q

Describe a oneway repeated measure design

A

You have a study sample that undergoes a pretest, then an intervention, followed by either multiple posttests OR a posttest 1, intervention, posttest 2

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7
Q

What are One-Way and One-Group tests vulnerable to?

A

threats to internal validity

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8
Q

When are One-Group and One-Way Designs defendable?

A

When there is known natural history (prev research) and the follow up time frame is very short

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9
Q

What is a Time Series Design?

A

Multiple pretests and posttests act as a pseudocontrol condition

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10
Q

Do One-Group or Time Series Designs have better internal validity?

A

Time Series

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11
Q

Describe the Nonequivalent Pretest-Posttest Design

A

It includes a control group and pre-test, post-test

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12
Q

How is the equivalency of groups measured in nonequivalent pretest-posttest design?

A

Equivalency is based on prescores for nonequivalent pre-post-test

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13
Q

Describe a Nonequivalent Posttest-only Design

A

It includes control group, but no pre-test so we have no knowledge of where subjects started

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14
Q

How do you test equivalancy of Nonequivalent posttest-only design?

A

There is no way to test equivalency of groups based on prescores bc there is no pretest

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15
Q

What type of reseach is Single-Subject Designs?

A

Mostly Experimental, and somewhat Exploratory.

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16
Q

Another name for Single-Subject Designs

A

N of 1, N=1

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17
Q

What are N of 1 studies similar to? How?

A

time series design studies, Rigorous planning (reliable and valid outcome measures) and control phases

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18
Q

Is a Single-Subject Design Prospective or Retrospective?

A

Prospective

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19
Q

What is the IV in Single-Subject Design?

A

The Treatment

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20
Q

What are the levels to the IV in Single-Subject Design?

A

Phases of Treatment

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21
Q

What is the DV in Single-Subject Design?

A

Patient Response (aka Target Behavior)

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22
Q

How do Single Subject Design Studies differ from Case Studies/Series?

A

N of 1 has repeated measures and design phases

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23
Q

In N=1 Studies, What are you evaluating during the baseline phase?

A

Stability and Trend

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24
Q

How do you observe Stability in N=1?

A

Observe little variability and if there is a large baseline variability then you may need to obtain more measurements

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25
Q

How do you observe Trend in N=1?

A

Indicate change is occurring w/o intervention and evaluate whether the rate of change is stable or unstable

26
Q

What long are phases in N=1?

A

Can be flexible, but has to be at least until stability is reached, a minimum of 3-4 data points for each phase. Best to have equal phases and interval lengths

27
Q

What type of outcome measures are used in N=1?

A

Patient focused and subjective… needs to be quantitative and provide proof of reliability.

28
Q

Examples of N=1 outcome measures

A

NPRS, time sitting before pain, gait frequency during 100m walk, Oswestry Disability score, Berg Balance Test

29
Q

Disadvantage of Single Subject A B Design?

A

Unsure if B was due to some confounding or maturation effect

30
Q

Advantages of Single Subject ABA design?

A

Can determine if A truly caused B to occur since target behavior should return to baseline

31
Q

Disadvantages of ABA Design?

A

Behavior must be reversible… ethical issues with withdrawal of treatment

32
Q

Data Analysis of N=1?

A

Generally either based on visual trends or variability assessment

33
Q

How do you know if a data point change occurred by chance or not in N=1?

A

If it is within 2 SD of the mean then it could have occurred by chance, but if it is outside of 2 SD then it is highly unlikely that the change occurred due to chance.

34
Q

What Types of Studies are Exploratory?

A

Cohort Studies and Case-Control Studies, Predictive Reseach

35
Q

How are data points collected in Observational Studies?

A

As they naturally exist with no manipulation of variables

36
Q

What is Exploratory Research?

A

Systematic investigation of relationships among 2 or more variables (cause and effect)

37
Q

Longitudinal Research can either be…

A

Prospective or Retrospective

38
Q

Prospective or Retrospective, which has more control?

A

Prospective

39
Q

Prospective or Retrospective, which is easier to record reviews?

A

Retrospective

40
Q

Correlation and Predictive Studies do not imply…

A

causation

41
Q

What are correlation and predictive studies based on?

A

Covariation in data

42
Q

What are case-control and cohort studies intended to study?

A

Risk Factors, association between disease and exposure

43
Q

What is the difference b/w Case Control and Cohort Studies?

A

Case Control: Identify subjects based on if they have the disease or not, it is retrospective, works well for rare conditions

Cohort Studies: Identify subjects based on whether or not they were exposed, it is prospective, does not work well for rare conditions

44
Q

What do Observational studies mostly look at?

A

Relationships, not cause and effect

45
Q

What are the 5 criteria to provide evidence for cause and effect in an Observational Study?

A
  1. Time sequence (cause happens before effect)
  2. Strength of the Association (need to be strong)
  3. Biologic Credibility
  4. Consistency (with other studies)
  5. Dose-response relationship (the more exposure, the more likely they have the disease)
46
Q

Reliability Studies

A

Test-retest
intra/inter rater
internal consistency

47
Q

Validity Studies

A

Criterion Validity

Construct Validity

48
Q

What is a secondary analysis?

A

Uses existing database to examine relationship b/w variables…. secondary analysis of project with other main focus, can combine data sets, “big data” projects

49
Q

What Types of Research are Mostly Descriptive?

A

Natural History, Normative Research, Qualitative Research, Descriptive Surveys, and Case Studies

50
Q

Which types of research are sometimes descriptive?

A

secondary analysis, surveys, and questionnaires

51
Q

What is the difference b/w random selection and descriptive statistics?

A

Sometimes w/ descriptive research, you don’t have to make inferences back to a population

52
Q

Examples of Natural History Research?

A

Adhesive Capsulitis History, Alzheimer’s disease…

53
Q

Examples of Normative Studies?

A

Normal ROM, Grip Strength, etc… trying to document what is “normal”

54
Q

What is a case study?

A

A single case report or case series

55
Q

How is a case study different from a single subject design?

A
  • A case study is usually retrospective,
  • Less standardized and controlled,
  • Does not meet IRB definition of research,
  • Less internal validity,
  • Less external validity
56
Q

How is a case study less standardized/controlled?

A

no repeat baseline measurements, assessment time frames are naturally occurring

57
Q

What is the IRB definition of research?

A

a systematic investigation designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge

58
Q

Why are Case Studies a valuable source of information for EBP?

A
  • It shows details vs just averages

- Shows treatment and response in each visit

59
Q

What are the Purposes of Case Studies?

A
  1. understanding unusual patient conditions
  2. examples of innovative or creative therapies
  3. generating and testing theory
  4. providing future research directives
60
Q

What are the requirements to publish a case study of an unusual condition?

A

It must be 1 page and have 3 references

EBP (1 decks)

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