week 4 Flashcards
what are the 2 metabolic states the body cycles through
absorptive state - after a meal absorption of nutrients postabsorptive - between meals - stored energy is mobilized for use
what is the maintained levelof blood glucose
70-110mg/100ml of plasma
where is glucose stored
stored in liver and sketelal muscle as glycogen
what is glycogenesis
building glycogen from glucose –> glycogen
= decrease blood glucose
what is glycogenolysis
break down of glycogen to release glucose
glycogen –>glucose
increase blood glucose
gluconeogenesis
making new glucose molecules from amino acids–> glucose
increase blood clucose
how does insulin effect
promotes glycogenesis
Promotes storage of fats (triglycerides) in adipose
tissue
Stimulates protein synthesis in body cells
how does insulin work
binds to receptor on outside cell
Makes glucose transport molecule (GLUT4) available in cell membrane
through exocytosis
then glucose travels through these channels
effects of glucagon
Stimulates glycogenolysis Stimulates gluconeogenesis
differnce between hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia
Hyperglycaemia:
high blood glucose
Hypoglycaemia:
low blood glucose
3 types of abornamilites with type 2 diabetes
- insulin resistance
- insulin produced but insulin receptors are unresponsive - decrease production of insulin
- inappropriate glucose production
- liver releases glucose when not needed
what are some acute consequences of diabetes
Glycosuria (glucose in the urine)
• Polyuria (excessive urination)
• Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
• Polyphagia (excessive hunger)
what are the 2 diseases related to blood vessel damage
microvasular disease - retinopathy - nephropathy macrovascular disease -
what is retinoppathy microsvascular disease
Retinal capillaries become leaky and develop microaneurysms 2. Microaneurysms can haemorrhage causing bleeding in the retina 3. Lack of oxygen to retina is compensated by growth of new blood vessels (neovascularisation)
what is Microvascular disease - nephropathy
Most common cause of endstage kidney disease • Damage to small blood vessels supplying the kidneys leaky capillaries • Associated with increased blood pressure and fluid retention
what is Macrovascular disease
Most common cause of death in type 2 diabetes
- coronary disease
- stroke
- peripheral vascular disease
What causes neuropathy?
Neurons are insulin independent and can take up lots of
glucose during hyperglycaemia. Glucose is converted into
sorbitol inside the neurons which has an osmotic effect
cell swelling and death
– Blood supply to nerves is impaired –> lack of oxygen &
nutrients
what can neuropathies be in
sesnory
-numbness, painful sensations (hands/feet)
autonomic neuropathy
- delayed gastric emptying , erectile dysfunction
what are 5 reasons for increased infection
- Senses: numbness decreased warning signs of
damage - Hypoxia: Lack of oxygen increased infection
susceptibility - Pathogens: Like high glucose
- Blood supply: decreased blood supply decreased
supply of white blood cells (WBCs) - WBCs: impaired function in diabetics
what happens with leptin (long term controller
Dominant factor in long-term regulation of energy
intake
• Produced by adipose tissue & stimulates satiety
– increase adipose tissue causes increase leptin production, which
causes DECREASE appetite
what are short term enegery controls
-Ghrelin stimulates appetite before a meal
• PYY, CCK & stomach distension after a meal stimulate satiety
what is waist circumferences risk categories
Men 94cm 102cm
Women 80cm 88cm
