Week 4 Flashcards
What is an unconditioned stimulus and what is the US in Pavlov’s dogs example?
a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response without learning; food
What is an unconditioned response and what is the UR in Pavlov’s dogs example?
an unlearned, reflexive response without an unconditioned stimulus; salivation
What is a conditioned stimulus and what is the CS in Pavlov’s dogs example?
a stimulus that later elicits a conditioned response because it has a history of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus; ringing sound
What is a conditioned response and what is the CR in Pavlov’s dogs example?
the learned response that occurs to the conditioned stimulus; salivation
What is acquisition?
initial phase of learning in which a response is established
What is extinction in terms of classical conditioning?
an acquired conditioned response that fails to persist forever
What is Thorndike’s law of effect?
actions occur in higher frequencies when followed by a positive consequence
What are the two types and meanings of negative reinforcements?
avoidance learning: removes possibility of stimulus occurring
escape learning: removes already present stimulus
What is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers?
primary: necessary for survival
secondary: have ‘learnt’ value (ex: money)
What are the two types of sensory memories and their functions?
iconic - visual
echoic - auditory
What is the Alan Baddeley working memory model?
a model of the STM that temporarily stores information, it has 3 functions the phonological loop, episodic buffer, and visuospatial sketchpad
What are the two types of long term memories?
declarative and non-declarative
What is the declarative memory?
memories that we are constantly aware of divided into two types: episodic - experiences and semantic - worldly facts
What is the non-declarative memory?
memories we are not constantly aware of: procedural memory - muscle memory, classical conditioning
What is anterograde amensia?
the inability to form new memories of events occurring after brain injury
What is the encoding specificity principle?
states that retrieval is most effective when the conditions of retrieval and encoding are the same
What is latent inhibition?
a process that prevents a frequently used stimuli (typically food) from being conditioned when sickness randomly occurs after an encounter with that stimuli
What is conditioned taste adversion?
an acquired dislike for a food because the consumption was followed by illness
What is conditioned emotional response?
a learned emotional response to a person, situation, etc.
What is preparedness?
the “built-in” biological response to a certain stimuli
What is applied behaviour analysis?
the process of using observation and reinforcement to teach people with developmental conditions like autism
What is retrograde amnesia?
when memories preceding a trauma are lost
What is continuous reinforcement?
when every response made results in reinforcement
What is partial (intermittent) reinforement?
only a certain number of responses are rewarded
