Week 4

Question 1

What is a sample?

Answer 1

The participants we use from our population of interest

Question 2

what is population of interest?

Answer 2

All possible members of a category that researchers may use in their sample

Question 3

what is probability sampling?

Answer 3

When every member of the population of interest has an equal chance of taking part

Question 4

What are the types of probability sampling? (2)

Answer 4

stratified sampling

Systematic sampling

Question 5

What is stratified sampling? (2)

Answer 5

Sample selected so that Specified sub-groups will appear proportional to their size in their target population
Each sub-group cases are randomly selected

Question 6

what is systematic sampling?

Answer 6

Sample selected by taking every nth case of a target population. Randomised when First nth is random

Question 7

What is convenience sampling?

Answer 7

Selecting participants that are easily available at the time to take part

Question 8

what is snowballing sample?

Answer 8

When participants are recruiting other participants

Question 9

What are common ways of recruiting participants? (2)

Answer 9

• newspaper advertisement

- University departmental advertisements

Question 10

What are common incentives used to recruit participants? (2)

Answer 10

• University course credits

- money or vouchers

Question 11

What are the ethics we need to be mindful of when conducting a study?

Answer 11

• right to withdraw
• informed consent
• confidentiality
• debrief
• protection from harm

Question 12

What’s the best way to gain informed consent?

Answer 12

information sheets before they take part in the study

Question 13

How can we keep participants confidential? (2)

Answer 13

• giving them codes or synonyms

- deleting any contact with them so that they cannot be traced

Question 14

What are demand characteristics?

Answer 14

characteristics or behaviours displayed by ppts who think they know what the researcher ‘demands’ from them

Question 15

what is experimenter bias?

Answer 15

When experimenters have unconscious or conscious bias that may affect the ppts and/or the data produced from the study making it an unfair test if the hypothesis

Question 16

What is blinding?

Answer 16

When the participants do not know the aim of a study

Question 17

what is double blind?

Answer 17

when both the participants and the researchers do not know the aim of the study

Question 18

What is standardisation?

Answer 18

Keeping certain things the same for participants

Question 19

What are additional things that could be controlled to keep things standardised? (5)

Answer 19

• An experimenter’s behaviour
• How the experimenter is dressed
• what room it occurs in
• the wording of the instructions given
• distractions

Question 20

What is an independent measures design?

Answer 20

Different participants in each condition

Question 21

what is a repeated measures design?

Answer 21

using the same participants for all comditions

Question 22

what is a matched’airs design?

Answer 22

Each condition js different participants matched on certain characteristics

Question 23

What is counterbalancing?

Answer 23

Reverse order of conditions for participants in each group

Question 24

What are pilot studies?

Answer 24

When the experiments are run in small group with ‘new’ participants to to find any flaws in the study before it’s conducted for real

Question 25

What are common things found in pilot studies? (4)

Answer 25

• unclear instructions
• floor/ceiling effects
• potential for practice/fatigue effects
• potential for maturation/history effects

Question 26

What are the different types of control groups?

Answer 26

• active
• passive
• waitlist

Question 27

What is an active control group?

Answer 27

Participants do something that would have an effect but the researcher assume it does not

Question 28

What is a passive control group?

Answer 28

Participants do nothing meaningful in the tasks

Question 29

what is a waitlist control group?

Answer 29

Participants think that they are on a wait list to take part in a condition but have not done so yet

Question 30

What are practice trials?

Answer 30

Trials done before the test/experimental trials to get ppts used to the tasks/gain confidence