Week 4: Caring for the Child and their Family with Communicable Diseases and Resp Dysfunction Flashcards

Question

rubeola (measles)

Answer 1

- caused by rubeola virus - outbreaks occur mostly in unimmunized or immunocompromised children - transmitted thru airborne resp droplets or by direct contact w contaminated articles - incubation time of 6-21 days - prodrome: 2-4 days phase characterized by fever, malaise, anorexia, conjunctivitis, and cough - koplik spots appear 2 days before rash - during acute phase of illness, appearance of a red, blotchy, flat rash begins on face and spreads to trunk and extremities can see in mucous look deeply in mouth

Answer 2

(german measles) - caused by rubella virus - transmitted by direct or indirect contact w article freshly contaminated w nasopharyngeal secretions, blood, stool, or urine - incubation period is 14-21 days - period of communicability is few days b4 onset of rash until 7 days after appearance of rash - rash 1st appears on face then spreads to neck, trunk, and legs - complications: are rare, greatest danger is intrauterine death, spontaneous abortion

Answer 3

- caused by coxsackie viruses - s/s: fever, sore throat, smell greyish blisters in mouth lasting 4-6 days. blisters can appear on palms, fingers, and soles for 7-10 days - transmission: contact/droplet - incubation: 3-6 days from date of contact - period of communicability: 1st week of illness - enterovirus family - NO VACCINE!

Answer 4

- caused by Bordetella pertussis - transmission is through inhalation of contaminated respiratory droplets or direct contact (i.e. soiled bed linen) - incubation: 7-10 days - period of communicability is greatest after catarrhal stage and the 1st 2 weeks after cough onset - begins w more benign symptoms - short, rapid coughs followed by crowing or "whoop" sound; symptoms of choking/gasping for air complications: pneumonia (usual cause of death) - treated w erythromycin - can't go home till 5 days no intervention - under 2 months is most vulnerable

Answer 5

- use droplet precautions for suspected and documented cases - closely monitor cardioresp function and o2 sat. maintain patent airway; keep suctioning equipment available - create quiet environment; will decrease coughing stim - offer small amount of fluid frequently - report to PHU - may treat close contacts of infected child prophylactically (if not immunized)

Answer 6

- agent: group A hemolytic streptococci - transmission: droplet or direct contact - incubation: 1-7 days - period of communicability: during incubation period and clinical illness, approx 10 days; during 1st 2 weeks of carrier phase, although may persist for months - treatment: Abx and supportive therapy - penicillin

Answer 7

- agent: epstein barr virus (EBV) - s/s: fatigue, fever, sore throat, swollen lymph glands, fatigue, enlarged liver and spleen, jaundice - transmission: droplet - incubation: usually 4-6 weeks - period of communicability: when symptomatic, up to a yr following - treatment: supportive -teenage this population target -admitted for dehydration

Answer 8

ability of the host to hinder or arrest growth/development of the pathogen - immunity: natural, acquired, active, passive, carrier, maternal antibiotics - nutrition - physical and mental health - intact skin and mucus membranes - functioning immune system - age - size - hygiene - comorbidities

Answer 9

-what effects the immune system: -steroids -chemo -sleep -stress -certain meds -age like younger cant be immunized for things -size of airways -comorbidities: Asthma, CF, Prematurity (didn’t get third tri mother antibodies), friable skin

Answer 10

- most common during winter and spring - mycoplasmal infections more common in fall and winter - asthmatic bronchitis more frequent in cold weather - RSV season considered winter and spring

Answer 11

What tells you your child/patient is unwell: -coughing -trouble breathing -resp tract sounds -fever -mucus -increased resp rate -dehydration -increased work to breath -Cyanosis/hypoxia black people gray or ash colour not blue -Gi symptoms Severity of illness: -when interventions where started -current health status -spo2 lower, resp rate -already have comorbidities Asthma, CF -is there actually air entering the lungs…

Answer 12

- ease resp effort - promote rest and comfort - prevent spread of infection - reduce temp - promote hydration and nutrition - family support and home -Hydration very important !!! -Need Cals to get better -most resp illness don’t go to hospital -but if need resp therapy, what they cant get at home

Answer 13

- nasopharyngitis: "common cold" - pharyngitis - 80-90% viral - tonsilitis - otitis media - COVID-19 Bacterial pharyngitis super concerning can cause rheumatic fever

Answer 14

Common children 6mo-3 yrs Children have short euchastian tubes Pharmacological treatments: -Antibiotics -surgical if recurrent otitis media Don’t want water in ears Keep earplugs in Bad for ear infection: -Bottle propping (make sure when sitting up when feeding from bottle) -Breast feeding -smoking

Answer 15

- severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 - incubation: as long as 14 days; most occuring 4-5 days after exposure - pneumonia most frequent serious manifestation of infection - fever, cough, dyspnea, URT symptoms, diarrhea, loss of senses of smell and taste

Answer 16

- fever and cough - SOB, myalgia, rhinorrhea, headache, abdominal pain, diarrhea, sore throat, fatigue, and loss of smell or taste

Answer 17

often normal may include leukopenia, elevated C-reactive protein

Answer 18

inspiratory stridor suprasternal retractions barking or "seal like" cough; worse at night increasing resp distress and hypoxia can progress to respiratory acidosis (inability to exhale carbon dioxide), resp failure, and death

Answer 19

self limiting upper airway obstructive disease: usually from viral infection. preceded by URI to laryngitis that descends to trachea, causing inflammation and narrowing of airway characterized by hoarseness, "barking" cough, inspiratory stridor, and varying degrees of resp distress inflammation of larynx, and subglottic airway Usually not admitted unless severe BARKING or seal like COUGH common in toddlers Get worse when laying down

Answer 20

vaporizers, oral fluids, antipyretics

Answer 21

- airway management - maintain hydration, orally, or intravenously - high humidity w cool mist - medication treatment? most important: - continuous observation - accurate assessment

Answer 22

- considered the "reactive" portion of the lower respiratory tract - includes bronchi and bronchioles - cartilaginous support not fully development until adolescence - constriction of airways

Answer 23

- AKA tracheobronchitis - inflammation of the large airways characterized by: cough, with or without sputum production, self limiting - resolves in 1-3 weeks - causative agents: viruses - such as rhinovirus, coronavirus, influenza, and RSV

Answer 24

- virus invades mucosal cells lining bronchi and bronchioles - causes cells to die - results in cell debris clogging and obstructing bronchioles and irritates the airways - airway swells and produces excessive mucous resulting in airway obstruction bronchospasm - process continues and both lungs are invaded - obstructed airways allow air in, but edematous airways and mucous buildup don't allow for expulsion of air - wheezes and crackles develop

Answer 25

- present w LRTI - apnea can be presenting symptom DON’T KISS BABieS Babies cant blow their nose so we need to clean it out for them with suction

Answer 26

- secondary infections typically have URT symptoms - may develop LRTI (especially in immunocompromised)

Answer 27

- CXR - show inflammation - aspiration of nasal secretion or nasopharyngeal washings may indicate RSV

Answer 28

supportive management

Answer 29

acute inflammation or infection of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and sacs, and alveoli of the lungs that impair gas exchange

Answer 30

bacterial, viral, mycoplasmal, aspiration of foreign substance, histomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, other fungi

Answer 31

- risk for child with feeding difficulties - prevention of aspiration - feeding techniques, positioning - avoid aspiration risks: hydrocarbons, lipids, solvents, talcum powder

Answer 32

- chronic inflammatory disorder of airways - bronchial hyperresponsiveness - episodic - limited airflow or obstruction that reverses spontaneously or w treatment

Answer 33

- exocrine gland dysfunction that produces multisystem involvement - most common lethal genetic illness among white children - autosomal recessive trait; located on chromosome 7q - inherits defective gene from both parents with an overall incidence of 1:4

Answer 34

- present in almost all CF pts, but onset/extent is variable - stagnation of mucus and bacterial colonization result in destruction of lung tissue - tenacious secretions are difficult to expectorate - obstruct bronchi/bronchioles - decreased O2/CO2 exchange - results in hypoxia, hypercapnia, acidosis - compression of pulmonary blood vessels and progressive lung dysfunction lead to pulmonary hypertension, cor pulmonale, respiratory failure, and death

Answer 35

- thick secretions block ducts, cystic dilation, degeneration, diffuse fibrosis - prevent pancreatic enzymes from reaching duodenum - impaired digestion/absorption of fat, steatorrhea, impaired digestion/absorption of protein - endocrine function of pancreas initially stays unchanged - eventually pancreatic fibrosis occurs - may result in diabetes mellitus - focal biliary obstruction results in multilobular biliary cirrhosis - impaired salivation

Answer 36

- wheezing respiration, dry nonproductive cough - generalized obstructive emphysema - patchy atelectasis - cyanosis - clubbing of fingers and toes - repeated bronchitis and pneumonia - meconium ileus - distal intestinal obstruction syndrome - excretion of undigested food in stool; increased bulk, frothy, and foul - prolapse of the rectum - delayed puberty in females - sterility in males - parents report children taste "salty" - dehydration - hypoalbuminemia

Answer 37

- nursing care dependent on where they are in child's disease process - prevent/minimize pulmonary complications: IV antibiotics, CPTx, puffers, aerosol treatment - adequate nutrition for growth - assist in adapting to chronic illness

Answer 38

- median age of survival is 61 yrs (for those born between 2019 and 2023) - maximize health potential: nutrition, prevention/early aggressive treatment of infection, pulmonary hygiene - hope for the future: gene therapy, bilateral lung transplants, improved pharmacologic agent-Trikafta

Answer 39

acute infection of the resp tract

Answer 40

bronchitis

Answer 41

Fatty stool you see mucus

Answer 42

OLDER kids GET BRONCHITIS, Only baby get bronchiolitis