Week 4: Cognition & Emotions: Attitudes

Question 1

Are general positive or negative evaluations of objects.

Answer 1

Attitudes

Question 2

Are enduring beliefs about important aspects of life that go beyond specific situations.

Answer 2

Values

Question 3

Attitudes VS Values

Answer 3

Attitudes: Concrete & specific
Values: Abstract & generalized

Question 4

Help us make quick decisions without analyzing every detail.

Answer 4

Attitudes

Question 5

They give us an overall impression of whether we like an object or not.

Answer 5

Attitudes

Question 6

They help us come up with fast answers to complex questions.

Answer 6

Attitudes

Question 7

Ideally help us to approach positive outcomes or to avoid negative outcomes.

Answer 7

Attitudes

Question 8

Functions of Attitudes

Answer 8

1) Utilitarian: approach positive, avoid negative
2) Symbolic: affirm values, express social identity, affirm values
3) Practical: help us make quick decisions

Question 9

Sources of Attitudes

Answer 9

1) Mere exposure
2) Learning
3) Culture
4) Stereotypes

Question 10

The more often people are exposed to an object or subject, the more they like it.

When you see, hear, or otherwise perceive something repeatedly, then it is easier for us to process the information.

People prefer the familiar over the unfamiliar.

Limitations: Only effective for initially neutral or positive stimuli.

Answer 10

Mere Exposure

Question 11

Are beliefs about groups which can be positive or negative and accurate or inaccurate.

Answer 11

Stereotypes

Question 12

Plays a significant role in shaping our attitudes, particularly through concepts like independent and interdependent self.

Answer 12

Culture

Question 13

Source of Attitude that can be shaped by rewards and punishments associated with stimuli.

Answer 13

Learning

Question 14

They help us organise knowledge in an efficient way that saves time and eff ort in making complex decisions and judgement.

Answer 14

Attitudes

Question 15

A good example of attitudes resulting in potentially bad or even dangerous outcomes.

It is a negative eff ect of prejudgment of a group and its individual members.

Answer 15

Predjudice

Question 16

A particularly problematic phenomenon closely related to prejudice

Answer 16

Stigmatization and Stigma by Association

Question 17

A tendency for people to devalue someone because of their association with a stigmatised individual.

Answer 17

Stigma by Association

Question 18

People’s interpretations of events around them

Answer 18

Appraisals

Question 19

Negative stereotypes applied to individuals, often leading to discrimination.

Answer 19

Stigma

Question 20

Are experiences like hearing voices, for instance, or sometimes seeing things that other people can’t see.

And these experiences are actually common and present to different degrees throughout the general population.

Answer 20

Psychotic Experiences

Question 21

It’s not the events that happen to us or the internal experiences that we have that lead us to problems and symptoms of mental health problems. But it’s actually the way in which we think about them.

So it’s the appraisals or the interpretations that we have of the events that happen to us and our internal experiences that lead to problematic outcomes.

Answer 21

The Basic Cognitive Model

Question 22

The kind of clinical symptoms that people have are not simply statements of experience.
There’s an appraisal and interpretation stage in between.

Answer 22

The Basic Cognitive Model

Question 23

A term used to describe a person’s ability to maintain focus, concentration, and overall mental clarity.

Answer 23

Cognitive Grip

Question 24

Perceiving things that aren’t there.

This can involve seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, or feeling things that others can’t.

Answer 24

Hallucinations

Question 25

Fixed, false beliefs that are not based on reality. They are disturbances in thought content, not perception. These thoughts persist despite evidence to the contrary.

Answer 25

Delusions

Question 26

Feeling sensations in the body that aren't real, like bugs crawling on the skin.

Answer 26

Somatic Hallucinations

Question 27

Feeling touch sensations that aren't real, like being touched when no one is there.

Answer 27

Tactile Hallucinations

Question 28

Smelling things that aren't there.

Answer 28

Olfactory Hallucinations

Question 29

Believing that someone is putting thoughts into your head against your will.

Answer 29

Thought Insertion

Question 30

Believing that your thoughts are being taken away from you.

Answer 30

Thought Withdrawal

Question 31

Believing that others can hear your thoughts.

Answer 31

Thought Broadcasting

Question 32

Feeling detached from your body or emotions.

Answer 32

Dissociation

Question 33

Believing that people are following or watching you.

Answer 33

Persecutory Delusions

Question 34

Are unusual or extraordinary occurrences that deviate from what is typically considered normal or expected. These experiences often defy easy explanation and can range from the mildly surprising to the profoundly inexplicable.  

Answer 34

Anomalous Experiences

Question 35

Maladaptive Appraisals

Answer 35

1) Intentionalizing 2) Personalizing 3) Internalizing 4) Conspiracy Theories 5) View experiences as more striking, distressing, threatening

Question 36

Attributing an event to someone's deliberate action.

Answer 36

Internalizing

Question 37

Believing a personal connection to an event.

Answer 37

Perzonalizing

Question 38

Blaming oneself for an event.

Answer 38

Internalizing

Question 39

A famous model that describes how attitudes change in response to information. According to this model, there are two ways in which people process the information: 1) Central route 2) Peripheral route

Answer 39

Elaboration Likelihood Model by Petty and Cacioppo

Question 40

Involves careful consideration of message content and leads to enduring attitude change.

Answer 40

Central Route Processing

Question 41

Relies on superficial cues and leads to temporary attitude change.

Answer 41

Peripheral Route Processing

Question 42

Motivation & Route Processing

Answer 42

High motivation leads to central processing, while low motivation leads to peripheral processing.

Question 43

People hold attitudes that they are not even aware of. These are evaluations whose origin is unknown to the individual and they aff ect implicit responses.

Answer 43

Implicit Attitudes (unconscious)

Question 44

Normal Attitudes. Evaluations whose origin we know and that eff ect explicit responses.

Answer 44

Explicit Attitudes (consious)

Question 45

Simple rules that are used to form an attitude judgement with little cognitive effort.

Answer 45

Heuristics

Question 46

Are mental shortcuts used to make quick judgments. They are not guaranteed to be accurate but often provide a reasonable approach.

Answer 46

Heuristics

Question 47

2 Types of Heuristics

Answer 47

1) Representation 2) Availability

Question 48

Base attitudes on level of similarity between a target and a population.

Answer 48

Representations / Representative Heuristic

Question 49

An event that is easy to remember or imagine seems more likely.

Answer 49

Availability Heuristic

Question 50

Are outcomes that are close to winning but ultimately result in a loss. Creates beliefs that you are more likely to succeed next time.

Answer 50

Near win / Near miss

Question 51

Is the belief that a particular outcome is more likely to occur after a series of opposite outcomes. Limitation: Each attempt is an independent event, and past outcomes do not influence future ones.

Answer 51

Gambler's Fallacy