Week 4: Free-living Pathogenic Amebae Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
Size range of Naegleria fowleri
(Trophozoite)?
A
8-22 um
2
Q
Motility of Naegleria fowleri
(Trophozoite)?
A
Sluglike, blunt pseudopods
3
Q
No. of nuclei of Naegleria fowleri
(Trophozoite)?
A
One
4
Q
Karyosome of Naegleria fowleri
(Trophozoite)?
A
Large and usually centrally located
5
Q
Peripheral Chromatin of Naegleria fowleri (Trophozoite)?
A
Absent
6
Q
Cytoplasm of Naegleria fowleri (Trophozoite)?
A
Granular, usually vacuolated
7
Q
Size range of Naegleria fowleri (Flagellated forms)?
A
7-15 um
8
Q
Motility of Naegleria fowleri (Flagellated forms)?
A
2 flagella; spinning or jerky movements
9
Q
No. of nuclei of Naegleria fowleri (Flagellated forms)?
A
One
10
Q
Karyosome of Naegleria fowleri (Flagellated forms)?
A
Large and usually centrally located
11
Q
Peripheral Chromatin of Naegleria fowleri (Flagellated forms)?
A
Absent
12
Q
Cytoplasm of Naegleria fowleri (Flagellated forms)?
A
Granular, usually vacuolated
13
Q
Size range of Naegleria fowleri (Cyst)?
A
5-22 um
14
Q
Shape of Naegleria fowleri (Cyst)?
A
ovoid, ellipsoid, triangular
15
Q
No. of nuclei of Naegleria fowleri (Cyst)?
A
One
16
Q
Karyosome of Naegleria fowleri (Cyst)?
A
large, eccentric achromatic granules on one side may be present
17
Q
Peripheral Chromatin of Naegleria fowleri (Cyst)?
A
Absent
18
Q
Cytoplasm of Naegleria fowleri (Cyst)?
A
coarsely granular and vacuolated
19
Q
Cytoplasmic Inclusions of Naegleria fowleri (Cyst)?
A
well-defined glycogen mass Granules may be present
20
Q
Naegleria fowleri:
Enter through the olfactory neuroepithelium causing __________ in healthy individuals
A
primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM)
21
Q
Naegleria fowleri:
Trophozoites in __________and tissue Flagellated forms occasionally in __________
A
CSF
22
Q
Acanthamoeba spp. and Balamuthla mandrillaris:
Enter through lower respiratory tract or through ulcerated or broken skin causing __________ in individuals with compromised immune system.
A
granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE)
23
Q
Acanthamoeba spp.:
Enter the eye causing severe __________
A
keratitis
24
Q
Microscopic examination: Trophozoite
What are the 4 specimens?
A
- CSF
- brain
- Tissue
- nasal discharge
25
Microscopic examination: Trophozoite
Wet preparation?
Saline and lodine
26
Microscopic examination: Trophozoite
Culture?
Balamuth medium
27
Microscopic examination: Trophozoite
Molecular Techniques?
ELISA, PCR
28
Epidemiology of Trophozoite:
Found in __________, including lakes, streams, ponds, and swimming pools.
warm bodies of water
29
Epidemiology of Trophozoite:
Can survive in up to __________ of hyperchlorinated water
0.5µg/ml
30
Epidemiology of Trophozoite:
Higher in the __________ months of the year
summer
31
Epidemiology of Trophozoite:
Able to survive in elevated temperatures up to __________
>46°C
32
Epidemiology of Trophozoite:
Can be acquired in contaminated __________
dust
33
What are the clinical symptoms of Trophozoite?
* Asymptomatic
* Kernig's sign
* Primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM)
34
Clinical symptoms of Trophozoite:
3 CSF findings?
* pleocytosis (high percentage of PMN cells)
* hypoglycorrhacia
* elevated protein levels
35
What are the two treatments of Trophozoite?
* Amphotericin B - DOC
* Amphotericin B with rifamfin/miconazole
36
First noted as a contaminant in tissue cultures and subsequently was found to produce lethal meningoencephalitis on nasal instillation into mice and other animals.
Acanthamoeba
37
Size range of Acanthamoeba (Trophozoite)?
12-45 um
38
Motility of Acanthamoeba (Trophozoite)?
Sluggish, spinelike pseudopods
39
No. of nuclei of Acanthamoeba (Trophozoite)?
One
40
Karyosome of Acanthamoeba (Trophozoite)?
Large
41
Peripheral Chromatin of Acanthamoeba (Trophozoite)?
Absent
42
Cytoplasm of Acanthamoeba (Trophozoite)?
Granular and vacuolated
43
Size range of Acanthamoeba (Cyst)?
8-25 um
44
Shape of Acanthamoeba (Cyst)?
roundish with ragged edges
45
No. of nuclei of Acanthamoeba (Cyst)?
One
46
Karyosome of Acanthamoeba (Cyst)?
Large and central
47
Peripheral Chromatin of Acanthamoeba (Cyst)?
Absent
48
Cytoplasm of Acanthamoeba (Cyst)?
Disorganized, granular, sometimes vacuolated
49
Cytoplasmic Inclusions of Acanthamoeba (Cyst)?
Double cell wall, smooth smooth inner cell wall and outer jagged cell wall
50
Microscopic Examination: Acanthamoeba
__________ is the specimen of choice
Also: __________ & __________
* CSF
* Brain tissue
* Corneal scrapings
51
Microscopic Examination: Acanthamoeba
Culture?
Proteose-peptone, yeast extract, glucose and cysteine (PYGC) containing antibiotics
52
Microscopic Examination: Acanthamoeba
Molecular techniques?
PCR
53
Epidemiology of Acanthamoeba:
Reported from many countries worldwide both __________ and __________
CNS, eye infection
54
Epidemiology of Acanthamoeba:
CNS infection appears in patient who are __________ isolated from air, aquaria, bottled mineral water, soil swimming pools, deep well water, contact lens solutions.
immunocompromised
55
Clinical symptoms of Acanthamoeba:
First documented by Stamm?
Granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE)
56
Clinical symptoms of Acanthamoeba:
Incubation period of Granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE)?
10 days
57
Clinical symptoms of Acanthamoeba:
Infection is thought to spread __________ from primary foci in skin, the pharynx, or the respiratory tract. Systemic infections occur in individuals with __________ and may present as ulcerative skin lesions, subcutaneous abscesses, or erythematous nodules.
hematogenously, AIDS
58
Clinical symptoms of Acanthamoeba:
The disease is characterized by development of a paracentral ring infiltrate of the corneal stroma, which progresses to ulceration and possible perforation, with loss of the eye.
Acanthamoeba keratitis
59
Clinical symptoms of Acanthamoeba:
__________ is required in cases of extensive and refractory disease.
Keratoplasty
60
6 treatments of Acanthamoeba?
* Sulfamethazine
* Itraconazole
* Ketoconazole
* Miconazole
* Propamidine isethianate (DOC)
* Rifampin
61
Size range of Balantidium coli (Trophozoite)?
__________ um in length
__________ um wide
**28-152** um in length
**22-123** um wide
62
Motility of Balantidium coli (Trophozoite)?
Rotary, Boring
63
No. of nuclei of Balantidium coli (Trophozoite)?
**Two**
Kidney shaped (macronucleus)
small spherical (micronucleus)
64
Other features of Balantidium coli (Trophozoite)?
* One or two visible contractile vacuoles
* Cytoplasm may contain food vacuoles or bacteria
* Small cytostome present
* Layer of cilia around organism
65
Size range of Balantidium coli (Cyst)?
43-66 um
66
Number and app. of nucleus of Balantidium coli (Cyst)?
**Two**
Kidney shaped (macronucleus)
small spherical (micronucleus)
67
Other features of Balantidium coli (Cyst)?
* One or two visible contractile vacuoles in young cyst
* Double cyst wall
* Row of cilia visible in between cyst wall layers of young cyst
68
Balantidium coli:
Infective stage?
cyst, viable for several weeks
69
Balantidium coli:
Human infection results from ingestion of food or water
contaminated with fecal material containing __________
Balantidium coli cysts
70
Balantidium coli:
Incubation period?
4-5 days
71
Balantidium coli:
Ingested cysts excysts in the __________
small intestine
72
Balantidium coli:
Trophozoites inhabit the lumen, mucosa and submucosa of the __________, primarily the __________
large intestine, cecal region
73
Pathogenesis of Balantidium coli:
Disease?
Balantidiasis, balantidial dysentery
74
__________ invades the intestinal epithelium through release of the enzyme hyaluronidase and creates a characteristic ulcer with a rounded base and wide neck
Balantidium coli
75
Pathogenesis of Balantidium coli:
__________ with mucus and blood, cramps
Complications include __________ and __________
Acute diarrhea
intestinal perforation, acute appendicitis
76
Pathogenesis of Balantidium coli:
usually __________ in the large intestine
non-pathogenic commensal
77
Pathogenesis of Balantidium coli:
Many infected individuals are __________
asymptomatic
78
Pathogenesis of Balantidium coli:
Majority of the symptomatic patients complain of __________ and __________
diarrhea, dysentery
79
Pathogenesis of Balantidium coli:
__________ or pain associated with nausea and vomiting
Abdominal discomfort
80
Diagnosis of Balantidium coli:
Microscopic identification of trophozoites and cysts in the feces using __________
Repeated stools for __________
direct examination, increase sensitivity
81
Diagnosis of Balantidium coli:
Concentration techniques:
Biopsy from sigmoidoscopy?
trophozoite
82
Treatment of Balantidium coli:
Treatment?
metronidazole, tetracycline or iodoquinol
83
Prevention of Balantidium coli:
Prevention?
proper sanitation, safe water supply, and protection of food from contamination
84
Treatment and Prevention of Balantidium coli:
Cyst is resistant to environmental conditions and may survive for long period, they are easily inactivated by __________ and __________
heat, 1% sodium hypochlorite
85
Other intestinal protozoa: Blastocystis hominis
Five morphological forms?
1. Vacuolated forms
2. Ameba-like forms
3. Granular forms
4. Multiple fission form
5. Cystic form
86
Five morphological forms:
*Most predominant
*Large central vacuole (reproductive organelle) and very thick capsule
Vacuolated forms
87
Five morphological forms:
*Active extensions and pseudopodia
*Nuclear chromatin: peripheral clumping
*Intermediate stage between vacuolar and pre-cystic
Ameba-like forms
88
Five morphological forms:
*Observed from old cultures
*Granular contents develop into daughter cells of the ameba-form when it ruptures
Granular forms
89
Five morphological forms:
*Arise from vacuolated forms
*Produce many vacuolated forms
Multiple fission form
90
Five morphological forms:
*Very prominent and thick osmophilic electron dense wall
*Thick-walled cyst: responsible for external transmission
*Thin-walled cyst: reinfection within a host's intestinal tract
Cystic form
91
Other intestinal protozoa: Blastocystis hominis in cystic form:
responsible for external transmission
Thick-walled cyst
92
Other intestinal protozoa: Blastocystis hominis in cystic form:
reinfection within a host's intestinal tract
Thin-walled cyst
93
Size range of Blastocystis hominis (Vacuolated form)?
5-32 um
94
Vacuole of Blastocystis hominis (Vacuolated form)?
* Centrally located
* Fluid-filled structure
* consumes almost 90% of organism
95
Cytoplasm of Blastocystis hominis (Vacuolated form)?
Appears as a ring around periphery of organism
96
Nuclei of Blastocystis hominis (Vacuolated form)?
Two or four located in cytoplasm
97
Diagnosis of Blastocystis hominis:
__________ is the specimen of choice for the recovery of blastocystis
Stool
98
Diagnosis of Blastocystis hominis:
Concentration technique?
increase sensitivity
99
Diagnosis of Blastocystis hominis:
__________ or __________ to differentiate various stages
Hematoxylin or Trichrome
100
Diagnosis of Blastocystis hominis:
Culture?
* Boeck and Drbohlav's media
* Nelson and Jones media
101
Epidemiology of Blastocystis hominis:
B. hominis infections indicated that they occurred as __________ in __________ countries.
epidemic, subtropical
102
Clinical symptoms of Blastocystis hominis?
* mild to moderate diarrhea
* vomiting
* nausea
* fever
* abdominal pain and cramping
* bloating
* flatulence
103
Treatment of Blastocystis hominis?
* lodoquinol
* Metronidazole (DOC)
* Trimethroprim-sulfamethoxazole
104
Prevention and control of Blastocystis hominis?
* Proper treatment of fecal material
* Proper hand washing
* Subsequent proper handling of food and water
