Week 4 - gram positives

Question 1

Adhesins (staph)

Answer 1

tissue colonization

Question 2

Hemolysins (staph)

Answer 2

tissue destruction (cytolytic)

Question 3

Enterotoxins (staph)

Answer 3

tissue destruction, heat stable toxin

Question 4

TSST (staph)

Answer 4

tissue destruction, superantigen leading to excessive cytokine release

Question 5

Protein A (staph)

Answer 5

immune evasion, binds Fc portion of IgG, inhibits opsonization

Question 6

leukocidin (staph)

Answer 6

immune evasion - leukocidal

Question 7

Coagulase (staph)

Answer 7

immune evasion - hide bacteria from PMNs

Question 8

Bovine staphylococcal mastitis genus

Answer 8

S. aureus.

Question 9

Bovine staphylococcal mastitis classifications

Answer 9

Epi = environment or contagious
Clinical = subclinical or clinical

Question 10

Bovine staphylococcal mastitis source of infection + transmission

Answer 10

infected mammary gland of another cow in the herd

Transmission: milking with contaminated hands, teat cup liners and udder cloths

Question 11

Bovine staphylococcal mastitis predisposition

Answer 11

impaired phagocyte function in the host

Question 12

Peracute gangrenous mastitis

Answer 12

due to local thrombosis and edema caused by S. aureus. tissue necrosis, discoloured udders, swollen quarters, fever, anorexia

Question 13

Bovine staphylococcal mastitis treatment and prevention

Answer 13

good hygiene while milking, therapies given during the dry period, check for subclinical infections, segregate infected cows, cull chronic cows, prevent induction of positive cows into the herd

Question 14

Botryomycosis

Answer 14

caused by S. aureus
chronic, granulomatous disorder with formation of micro-abscesses. Post-castration complication in horses.
Tx: long-term antibiotics, surgical removal of affected tissue
Prevention: hygiene, wound care

Question 15

Bumblefoot

Answer 15

local, chronic pododermatitis and tenosynovitis in birds.

prevention: good husbandry

Question 16

S. pseudointermedius

Answer 16

causes local skin diseases in dogs and cats (pyoderma, otitis), most common opportunistic infection in dogs/cats.
Infections will be caused by an overgrowth of resident bacteria

Question 17

Treatment and prevention of pyoderma

Answer 17

ID underlying issues! cleansing shampoo + antimicrobial shampoo, narrow-spectrum antiBs, grooming and clipping of hair coat

Question 18

Greasy pig disease

Answer 18

highly contagious exudative epidermitis in suckling or weaning pigs. excessive sebum production, anorexia, fever. morbidity and mortality high.
S. hyicus may be found in vagina of sows and preputial diverticulum of boars. Enters through bite wounds

Question 19

Greasy pig disease treatment and prevention

Answer 19

systemic antiBs + topical treatment, isolate infected pigs, clean + disinfect contaminated buildings, clip needle teeth in newborns, soft bedding

Question 20

Toxic shock syndrome

Answer 20

TSS is caused by superantigens entering the bloodstream. causes fever, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, conjunctival reddening, hypotension, skin rashes, kidney failure

Question 21

Staph diagnosis

Answer 21

specimens: exudate, pus, mastitic milk, skin scrape, urine, affected tissues
microscopy + gram stain, isolation on blood agar/MacConkey agar, PCR

Question 22

Strepto types of hemolysis

Answer 22

beta = clear, complete hemolysis
alpha = green, partial hemolysis
gamma = no hemolysis

Question 23

Streptokinase + hyaluronidase (strepto)

Answer 23

invasion

Question 24

protein F strepto

Answer 24

adhesion

Question 25

M protein, hyaluronan, streptolysins

Answer 25

evasion

Question 26

streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins, lipoteichoic acid

Answer 26

toxins

Question 27

Strangles/equine distemper

Answer 27

S. equi subsp. equi highly contagious, upper resp disease. abscessation + swelling of LNs can obstruct airway. Enzootic, but not commensal. High morbidity, low mortality All ages susceptible, more common in foals

Question 28

Strangles transmission

Answer 28

via purulent exudates from upper resp/discharging abscesses from diseased animal or carrier (direct or indirect contact)

Question 29

Strangles CS

Answer 29

high fever, depression, anorexia followed by purulent oculonasal discharge. submandibular and retropharyngeal LNs affected and eventually rupture

Question 30

Guttural pouch empyema

Answer 30

complication of strangles. due to accumulation of purulent exudate in guttural pouch. stiff head carriage, painful swelling in parotid region, difficulty breathing

Question 31

Bastard strangles

Answer 31

strangles complication. disseminated infection with abscessation in many organs

Question 32

Purpura hemorrhagica

Answer 32

immune-complex mediated vasculitis (complexes deposit in vessels)

Question 33

Strangles diagnosis

Answer 33

CS, culture from abscess/nasal swab/lavage fluid, serology (anti-M protein), PCR for M protein

Question 34

Strangles Tx

Answer 34

symptomatic: relieve pain, drain mature abscesses anti-Bs only effective if given soon after exposure/before abscesses form Vaccine - not 100% effective. inactive vaccine for pregnant mares and foals for high anti-M levels. Live intranasal vaccine for mucosal immunity + serum antibodies

Question 35

Strangles prevention

Answer 35

stop movement of animals upon suspected infection, quarantine!!!! hygiene, disinfection. Notifiable disease in many states. 3 negative cultures at weekly intervals allows release from quarantine

Question 36

Streptococcus suis

Answer 36

causes significant losses. Associated with meningitis, arthritis, septicemia, bronchopneumonia. particularly in young pigs. Carrier rate is almost 100% (in tonsils), but low disease rates.

Question 37

Streptococcus suis treatment + prevention

Answer 37

penicillin or ampicillin. make sure to serotype as many different ones exist! Prophylaxis: long-acting penicillin to sows pre-farrowing and to pigs during first 2 weeks of life. Good husbandry + hygiene eradication not feasible!

Question 38

Streptococcus suis zoonosis

Answer 38

underreported and underdiagnosed. risk: employees in swine industry and consumption of raw meat

Question 39

Bovine streptococcal mastitis (contagious)

Answer 39

S. agalactiae colonizing milk ducts - persistent infection w/ intermittent bouts of acute mastitis

Question 40

Bovine streptococcal mastitis (environmental)

Answer 40

S. dysgalactiae - colonizes buccal cavity and genitals, skin of mammary gland. Acute mastitis S. uberis - skin, tonsils, vagina - subclinical mastitis

Question 41

Bovine streptococcal mastitis Tx + prevention

Answer 41

prepare cows properly for milking, have a good milking system, well-balanced nutrition and hygiene, screen cows before introducing to a herd, monitor somatic cell counts in milk