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Week 4 - Neuro > Week 4 - Neuro Hormones / Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Week 4 - Neuro Hormones / Neurotransmitters Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

posterior pituitary hormones

A

made in paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei -> axonal transport -> posterior pituitary -> stored in vesicles in magnocellular neurons -> secreted into systemic circulation via hypophyseal vein

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2
Q

posterior pituitary hormones

A

vasopressin and oxytocin

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3
Q

vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone - ADH)

A

posterior pituitary, increases water resorption in kidney in response to high blood osmolality and hypovolemia, increases vasoconstriction in response to low blood pressure

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4
Q

oxytocin

A

posterior pituitary, increases milk ejection in response to suckling, increases uterin contractions in response to uterine stimulation, positive feedback loops, acts on smooth muscle

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5
Q

anterior pituitary hormone families

A

somatomammotropins, glycoproteins, opiomelanocortin peptides

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6
Q

somatomammotropins

A

anterior pituitary, growth hormone, prolactin

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7
Q

glycoproteins

A

anterior pituitary, thyroid stimulating hormone, follicle stimulating hormone (gonadotropin), lutenizing hormone (gonadotropin)

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8
Q

opiomelanocortin peptides

A

anterior pituitary, adrenocorticotropic hormone

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9
Q

growth hormone

A

anterior pituitary, somatomammotropin, released in response to stress / exercise / sleep, effects growth/metabolism

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10
Q

prolactin

A

anterior pituitary, somatomammotropin, released in response to suckling/stress, effect on mammary tissue/lactation

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11
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone

A

anterior pituitary, glycoprotein, released in response to cold temps, increases thyroid stimulating hormone secretion, increasing metabolism / heat production

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12
Q

follicle stimulating hormone

A

anterior pituitary, glycoprotein, gonadotropin, regulated by hypothalamic peptide, causes spermatogenesis in men and ovarian follicle development in women

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13
Q

lutenizing hormone

A

anterior pituitary, glycoprotein, gonadotropin, regulated by hypothalamic peptide, needed for spermatogenesis and stimulates testosterone in men, triggers ovulation and progresterone in women

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14
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

anterior pituitary, opiomelanocortin peptide from inner C terminal of pro-opiomelanocortin, released in response to stress, increases cortisol secretion from adrenal cortex

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15
Q

beta endorphin

A

anterior pituitary, opiomelanocortin peptide from far C terminal end of pro-opiomelanocortin, released in response to stress, endogenous opiod with analgesic effects

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16
Q

test overall anterior pituitary function

A

give insulin -> hypoglycemia (stress) -> blood levels of GH, ACTH, prolactin, and beta endorphin should increase

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17
Q

hypothalamic releasing hormones

A

controls secretion from anterior pituitary, made in parvocellular neurons -> axonal transport -> median eminence -> released into hypophyseal portal vein -> anterior pituitary -> stimulated to secrete into hypophyseal vein

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18
Q

hypothalamic releasing hormones

A

thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), somatosin, dopamine

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19
Q

thyrotropin releasing hormone

A

hypothalamic releasing hormone, increases thyroid stimulating hormone secretion from anterior pituitary

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20
Q

gonadotropin releasing hormone

A

hypothalamic releasing hormone, increases lutenizing and follicle stimulating hormone secretion from anterior pituitary

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21
Q

corticotropin releasing hormone

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A

hypothalamic releasing hormong, increases adrenocorticotropic hormone and beta endorphin secretion from anterior pituitary

22
Q

growth hormone releasing hormone

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A

hypothalamic releasing hormone, increases growth hormone secretion from anterior pituitary

23
Q

somatostatin

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A

hypothalamic releasing hormone, decreases growth hormone secretion from anterior pituitary - less of an effect on GH levels

24
Q

dopamine

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A

hypothalamic releasing hormone, decreases prolactin secretion from anterior pituitary, prolactin only under inhibitory control

25
hypophysial portal blood system
no direct arterial supply to anterior pituitary, hypothalamic releasing hormones -> primary plexus -> portal vein -> secondary plexus -> anterior pituitary -> systemic circulation
26
pituitary stalk section
anterior pituitary affected most, may be transient, hypothalamic releasing hormones can't reach anterior pituitary, increased prolactin, all others decreased - can cause diabetes insipidus
27
short term preabsorptive satiety signals
oropharyngeal, gastric distention, gastric nutrition - preabsorptive satiety factors
28
oropharyngeal satiety signals
receptors for texture (mechano) and taste (chemo), fastin = increased food intake, fed = decreased food intake
29
short term postabsorptive satiety signals
liver factors, glucose and fatty acids in liver and hepatic portal vein decrease food intake
30
gastric distention
short term satiety factor, mechano -> vagus -> solitary nucleus = decreased food intake
31
nutrients in duodemun
releases cholecystokinin (CCK)
32
cholecystokinin (CCK)
CCK receptors -> vagus -> solitary nucleus = decreased food intake
33
other effects of cholecystokinin (CCK)
1. gallbladder contraction, 2. increased pyloric constriction, 3. decreased gastric contraction - to hold food in stomach longer so it is more absorbable
34
ghrelin
short term satiety factor, produced by stomach, secretion increased by fasting, orexigenic = increases appetite
35
long term satiety signals
fat cells and hypothalamic nuclei - lateral hypothalamic area, paraventricular nucleus, arcuate nucleus
36
leptin
released by adipocytes, decreases food intake, increased sensitivity of solitary nucleus to gastric distention - higher levels in obese people suggesting leptin receptor problem
37
lateral hypothalamic area
lesion causes: 1. aphagia from damage to medial forebrain bundle (VTA to nucleus accumbens in mesolimbic reward pathway), 2. reduced motor function (damage to sunstantia nigra -> caudate/putamen connection). 3. aphagia due to loss of orexin
38
orexin
anabolic neurotransmitter, activated lateral hypothalamic area -> release of orexin to brainstem -> increased food intake
39
paraventricular nucleus
activation of paraventricular nucleus -> release of cortictropin releasing hormone to brainstem (catabolic neurotransmitter) -> decreased food intake
40
arcuate nucleus
neurons release two things - neuropeptide Y and melanocortin, both neurotransmitters are released to the paraventricular nucleus and the lateral hypothalamic area
41
leptin
inhibits neuropeptide Y neurons in arcuate nucleus decreasing food intake, ecxites melanocortin neurons in arcuate nucleus decreasing food intake
42
ghrelin
excites neuropeptide Y neurons in arcuate nucleus increasing food intake
43
gastric stretch, intestinal nutrients, cholecystokinen CCK hormone
to solitary nucleus via vagus and blood
44
solitary nucleus stimulated by short term satiety signals
inhibits motor nucleus of V (mastication), inhibits nucleus ambiguus (laryngeal, pharyhgeal muscles - swallowing), inhibits motor hypoglossal nucleus (chewing)
45
lateral hypothalamic area
releases orexin that increases food intake and inhibits solitary nucleus
46
paraventricular nucleus
releases corticotropin releasing hormone that decreases food intake and stimlates the solitary nucleus to inhibit as well
47
arcuate nucleus
releases neuropeptide Y and melanocortin
48
neuropeptide Y
inhibits lateral hypothalamic area from releasing orexin and inhibits the inhibition of paraventricular nucleus so it can release corticotropin releasing hormone - all decrease food intake
49
melanocotin
activates the lateral hypothalamic area so orexin is released and activates the inhibition of paraventricular nucleus so corticotropin releasing hormone is not released - all increase food intake
50
leptin
activates melanocortin and inhibits neuropeptide Y - all decrease food intake
51
drug targets for hyperphagia induced obesity
neuropeptide Y (that increases food intake), melanocortin (that decreases food intake), orexin (that increases food intake)

Week 4 - Neuro (5 decks)

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