Week 4 - Neurotime Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
precentral gyrus
A
primary motor cortex
2
Q
premotor cortex
A
motor neurons related to indirect (extrapyramidal) motor pathways, anterior to precentral gyrus
3
Q
superior frontal gyrus - median surface
A
supplementary motor area
4
Q
middle frontal gyrus - caudal area
A
frontal eye field
5
Q
paracentral lobule
A
medial continuation of primary motor and primary somatosensory cortexes
6
Q
internal capsule, posterior limb
A
efferent corticobulbar, corticospinal, and corticopontine axons; afferent thalamocortical neurons; separates thalamus from lentiform nucleus
7
Q
caudate nucleus
A
part of striatum, from floor of anterior horn to roof of temporal horn of lateral ventricle, medial to internal capsule
8
Q
putamen
A
part of striatum, lateral to globus pallidus, most lateral part of lentiform nucleus
9
Q
globus pallidus
A
part of striatum, immediately lateral to internal capsule, medial part of lentiform nucleus
10
Q
internal capsule - anterior arm, genu, posterior arm
A
sensory and motor neuron pathways
11
Q
internal capsule - anterior arm
A
separates caudate nucleus from lentiform nucleus
12
Q
internal capsule - genu
A
adjacent to intraventricular foramen
13
Q
internal capsule - posterior arm
A
separates thalamus and lentiform nucleus
14
Q
thalamus
A
major sensory and motor relay nuclei, in diencephalon, medial to posterior limb of internal capsule, contains motor, sensory, and association nuclei
15
Q
lenticular fasciculus
A
pallidothalamic neuron bundle from globus pallidus to ventral anterior and ventral lateral thalamic nuclei
16
Q
ventral lateral thalamic nucleus
A
motor nucleus of thalamus, input from cerebellum via cerebello-rubro-thalamic tract (superior cerebellar peduncle) and globus pallidus
17
Q
subthalamic nucleus
A
medial to internal capsule, indirect basal ganglia pathway, lesions cause hemiballismus
18
Q
oculomotor nucleus
A
triangle shape in midbrain, motor neurons to five extraocular muscles - levator palpebrae, SR, MR, IR, IO
19
Q
cerebral crus
A
midrain, major pathway from cerebrum, includes corticospinal, corticobulbar, and corticopontine neurons
20
Q
corticobulbar tract
A
cell bodies in precentral gryus, axons through internal capsule and cerebral crus to motor neurons in bulb (brain stem)
21
Q
corticospinal tract
A
cell bodies in cerebral cortex, axons through internal capsule, cerebral crus, basilar pons, and pyramids, become ventral and dorsal corticospinal tracts in spinal cord
22
Q
corticopontine tract
A
cell bodies in cerebral cortex, axons through internal capsule and cerebral crux, end on pontine nuclei
23
Q
substantia nigra
A
midbrain, neuromelanin balck substance, cell bodies of nigrostiatal neurons
24
Q
red nucleus
A
tegmentum of pons, input from cerebellum and cerebral cortex, gives rise to rubrospinal tract
25
trochlear nucleus
midbrain, slightly below inferior colliculus, cell bodies of trochlear nerve to SO
26
decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle
crossing of cerebello-rubro-thalamic fibers of superior colliculus in rostral midbrain, terminate in red nucleus and ventral lateral thalamic nuclei
27
middle cerebellar peduncle
pons to cerebellum, contains pontocerebellar fibers with cell bodies in contralateral basilar pons
28
superior cerebellar peduncle
roof of fourth ventricle, decussates in midbrain, cerebello-rubro-thalamic fibers terminate on contralateral red nucleus and ventral lateral thalamic nucleus, contains ventral spinocerebellar fibers
29
basilar pons
location of pontine nuclei, input from corticopontine fibers, give rise to pontocerebellar fibers to middle cerebellar peduncle, corticobulbar and corticospinal fibers pass through to end on brainstem (bulb) and spinal cord
30
pontine nuclei
basilar pons, give rise to pontocerebellar fibers of middle cerebellar peduncle
31
trigeminal motor nucleus
motor to muscles of mastication, medial to trigeminal main sensory nucleus
32
corticospinal tract
arise from pyramidal cells in cerebral cortex, terminate in spinal cord
33
corticobulbar tract
arise from pyramidal cells in cerebral cortex, terminate on cranial nerve nuclei in brain stem (bulb)
34
corticopontine tract
arise from pyramidal cells in cerebral cortex, terminate on pontine nuclei
35
pontocerebellar tract
from pontine nuclei in basilar pons to cerebellum via that middle cerebellar peduncle
36
abducens nucleus
motor to LR, associated with facial colliculus
37
facial motor nucleus
motor to muscles of facial expression
38
inferior cerebellar peduncle
afferent and efferent fibers for cerebellum, dorsal spinocerebellar tract, olivocerebellar fibers, vestibulocerebellar fibers, reticulocerebellar fibers, cerebello-vestibular fibers, and cerebello-reticular fibers
39
hypoglossal nucleus
motor to tongue muscles
40
nucleus ambiguus
motor nucleus of glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves, some preganglionic parasympathetic neurons to the heart
41
vestibular nuclei
floor of fourth ventricle, termination of vestibular nerve, gives rise to medial longitudinal fasciculus and vestibulospinal tract
42
inferior olivary nucleus
cells bodies of olivocerebellar neurons that cross to contralateral cerebellar hemisphere
43
olivocerebellar fibers
inferior olivary nucleus to contralateral cerebellar hemisphere
44
lateral cuneate nucleus
input from cuneate fasiculus, cell bodies of cuneocerebellar fibers to cerebellum via inferior cerebellar peduncle, unconscious proprioception of upper limbs
45
pyramids
ventral medulla, contain corticospinal fibers from ipsilateral cerebral cortex
46
pyramidal decussation
caudal medulla and spinal cord, most fibers cross to form lateral corticospinal tract in lateral finiculus on contralateral side, remaining fibers continue as ventral corticospinal tract and cross in the ventral white commissure to terminate in contralateral ventral horn
47
accessory nucleus
motor nucleus to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
48
lateral column
contains lateral corticospinal tract, spinothalamic tract and dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tract also present
49
ventral column
ventral corticospinal tract, medial longitudinal fasiculus in cervical region, vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts involved in reflexes
50
ventral white commissure
crossing of ventral spinothalamic as well as some corticospinal fibers
51
dorsal horn
sensory in spinal cord, neurons give rise to ascending sensory pathway
52
intermediate gray
between dorsal and ventral horns
53
ventral horn
motor horn of spinal cord, neurons give rise to lower motor neurons (alpha and gamma neurons)
54
lateral corticospinal tract
motor fibers in lateral funiculus
55
ventral corticospinal tract
motor fibers in ventral funiculus
56
dorsal spinocerebellar tract
unconscious proprioception, neurons arise from ipsilateral Clark's nucleus (L2-C8) and ascend to cerebellum
57
ventral spinocerebellar tract
unconscious proprioception, neurons arise from dorsal horn and cross to contralateral, ascending to the cerebellum
58
Clark's nucleus (nucleus dorsalis)
cell bodies that give rise to ipsilateral dorsal spinocerebellar tract
59
lateral motor cell column
motor neurons in lateral ventral horn, innervate appendicular muscles
60
medial motor cell column
motor neurons in medial ventral horn, innervate axial muscles
61
cerebellum - posterior lobe
between primary fissure and posterolateral fissure
62
cerebellum - tonsil
part of posterior cerebellum near foramen magnum
63
cerebellum - posterolateral fissure
separates flocculonodular lobe from posterior lobe in cerebellum
64
cerebellum - flocculonodular lobe
part of cerebellum primarily related to vestibular function (balance)
65
cerebellum - anterior lobe
anterior to primary fissure
66
cerebellum - vermal zone
either side of midline, control of axial musculature
67
cerebellum - paravermal zone
lateral to vermal zone, motor control
68
cerebellum - lateral zone
lateral to paravermal zone, input from pontocerebellar neurons, Purkinje cells project to dentate nucleus, dentate-rubro-thalamic pathway primary output from cerebellum
69
cerebellum - deep nuclei
dentate, emboliform, globus, and fastigial nuclei
70
superior cerebellar peduncle
major cerebello-rubro-thalamic output from cerebellum, also contains ventral spinocerebellar tract
71
decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle
rostral midbrain, cerebello-rubro-thalamic fibers cross and synapse in contralateral red nucleus and continue to terminate in ventral lateral thalamic nucleus and ventral anterior thalamic nucleus
72
longitudinal fissure
separates left and right cerebral hemispheres
73
lateral fissure
separates frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes, insular cortex deep in fissure
74
corpus callosum
connect cerebral hemispheres
75
hippocampal formation
medial parahippocampal gyrus, memory consolidation
76
fornix
limbic system, begins in hippocampal formation, ends in mammillary body / anterior thalamic nucleus / septal area
77
midbrain
rostral brain stem, tectum, tegmentum, and cerebral crus
78
tegmentum
between tectum and cerebral crus, contains red nucleus, decussation of superior cerebellar peduncles, oculomotor and trochelar nuclei, ascending 2nd order tracts
79
red nucleus
tegmentum of midbrain, afferent input via superior cerebellar penduncle
80
cerebral crus
corticospinal, corticobulbar, and corticopontine tracts
81
pons
bulbar and tectal portions, superior cerebellar peduncle in roof, tegmentum form rostral 4th ventricle floor
82
tigeminal nerve
pons, passes through middle cerebellar peduncle, motor to muscles of mastication, sensory to face with 1st order cells in trigeminal ganglion
83
facial and vestibulocochlear nerves
facial contains sensory and motor; vestibulocochlear contains sensory from inner ear, both pass through internal auditory canal
84
internal auditory canal
conveys facial and vestibulocochlear nerves and internal auditory (labyrinthine) artery
85
semicircular canals
semicircular ducts of inner ear
86
anterior cerebral artery
medial cerebral hemisphere and extends to lateral hemisphere surface
87
middle cerebral artery
lateral surface of cerebral hemispheres, supplies lateral medulla and cerebellum
88
posterior inferior cerebellar artery
lateral medulla and cerebellum
89
posterior cerebral artery
terminal branch of basilar artery, midbrain and temporal and occipital lobes
90
falx cerebri
in longitudinal cerebral fissure, separates right and left cerebral hemispheres
91
tentorium cerebelli
separates cerebrum from cerebellum, midbrain is in tentorial notch
92
superior sagittal sinus
superior portion of flax cerebri
93
lateral ventricle
in cerebral hemispheres, anterior, posterior, and temporal horns, body, atrium
94
choroid plexus
produces CSF, temporal horn and body of lateral ventricles, roof 3rd and 4th ventricles
95
third ventricle
separates two portions of diencephalion (thalamus and hypothalamus)
96
pineal gland
part of epithalamus, produces melanin
97
superior colliculus
part of tectum, receives afferents from lateral geniculate body via brachium of superior colliculus, involved in visual reflexes
98
inferior colliculus
part of tectum, receives afferent from lateral lemniscus, relay nucleus of auditory system
99
trochlear nerve
exists dorsal midbrain caudal to inferior colliculus, motor to SO
100
spinal cord
in vertebral canal
101
cerebellum
in posterior fossa
102
superior cerebellar peduncles
efferents from deep cerebellar nuclei to red nucleus and ventral anterior thalamic nucleus and ventral lateral thalamic nucleus, received afferent from spinocerebellar tract
103
frontal lobe
rostral cerebral hemisphere, executive functions
104
occipital lobe
caudal cerebrum, primary visual and visual association cortex
105
temporal lobe
in middle cerebral fossa, primary auditory and auditory association cortex
106
insula
deep in lateral fissure, visceral intergration/association cortex
107
anterior commissure
connects temporal lobes of cerebral hemispheres
108
lentiform nucleus
lateral to internal capsule, contains putamen and globus pallidus
109
globus pallidus
in genu of internal capsule, medial part of lentiform nucleus
110
putamen
part of lentiform nucleus, lateral to globus pallidus and deep to insular cortex
111
optic radiation
from lateral geniculate body to calcarine cortex, lateral to lateral ventricle
112
hypothalamus
part of diencephalon, visceral control system
113
mammillary body
part of hypothalamus, related to limbic system, termination of fornix, gives rise to mamillothalamic tract
114
optic tract
optic chiasm to lateral geniculate body
115
periaqueductal gray
midbrain, surrounds cerebral aqueduct
116
substantia nigra
black substance in ventral midbrain, cell bodies of nigrostriatal fibers release dopamine into striatum
117
interpeduncular fossa
between cerebral peduncles, location of oculomotor nerves
118
straight sinus
at attachment of falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
119
cerebral aqueduct
connects third and fourth ventricles, in midbrain
120
quadrigeminal cistern
subarachnoid cistern, above superior and inferior colliculi, in cerebellar incisure
121
optic nerve
posterior eye through optic canal to optic chiasm
122
internal carotid artery
enters skull via carotid canal, terminates as anterior cerebral, middle cerebral, and posterior communicating arteries
123
basilar artery
formed by vertebral arteries at ponto-medullary junction, ends rostrally as posterior cerebral artery
124
superior cerebellar artery
rostral branch of basilar artery, supplies lateral and dorsal midbrain and superior cerebellar hemispheres
125
posterior communicating artery
part of circle of willis, connects posterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery
126
posterior choroidal artery
branch of posterior cerebral artery, supplies choroid plexus
127
cerebellar hemisphere
lateral to vermis, limb coordination
128
cavernous sinus
either side of sella turcica, oculomotor, trochlear, V1, and V2 in lateral wall; abducens and internal carotid through sinus
129
confluence
where superior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, occipital sinus, and transverse sinus meet in posterior cranial canvity
130
transverse sinus
posterior portion of tectorium cerebelli, connect confluence of sinuses with sigmoid sinus
131
fourth ventricle
above pons and medulla, roof is superior cerebellar peduncle and superior and inferior medullary vellum
132
petrous temporal bone
part of temporal bone that contains inner ear
133
cingulate gyrus
part of limbic lobe, superior to corpus callosum
134
paracentral lobe
medial portion of precentral and postcentral gyri - motor and sensory for lower extremities
135
precuneus
medial superior parietal lobule, somatosensory association cortex
136
cuneus
lower field vision - primary visual cortex, part of visual association cortex
137
lingual cortex
upper field vision - primary visual cortex
138
parieto-occipital sulcus
fissure that separates occipital lobe and parietal lobe, viewed medially
139
calcarine fissure
separates cuneus and lingual cortexes
140
lamina terminalis
rostral portion of developing CNS
141
pituitary gland
in sella turcica, anterior and posterior lobes, produces hormones
142
optic chiasm
where nasal retinal fibers cross to contralateral optic tract
143
cerebellum - nodule
cerebellar vermis in flocculonodular lobe
144
interventricular foramen
connect lateral ventricles with third ventricle
145
third ventricle
on midline between thalamus and hypothalamus on either side
146
cisterna magna
subarachnoid cistern between medulla and cerebellum, above foramen magnum
147
diencephalon
prosencephalon, thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus
148
inferior colliculus
part of quadrigeminal plate, auditory impulses from lateral lemniscus, cell bodies project to medial geniculate nucleus via the brachium of the inferior colliculus
