Week 4: Neuroanatomy II

Question 1

Midbrain

Answer 1

also called masencephalon, has two parts: tectum and tegmentum

It is responsible for the coordination of muscles and responding to sensory information like sounds and lights

Question 2

Hindbrain

Answer 2

has also two parts: metencephalon and myelencephalon

Responsible for coordination of basic and automatic tasks that are quite vital for the organism

Question 3

Metencephalon

Answer 3

has pons and cerebellum

pons is responsible for sleep wake cycle of our body. pons is needed for communication btw cerebellum and cerebral cortex

cerebellum is responsible for our movements including standing. It is also active when recieving somatosensory, visual or auditory information. adjusting or coordinating related tasks

Question 4

myelencephalon

Answer 4

has the medulla
medulla controls working of our vital system such as cardiovascular system and respiratory system (heart beat, breathing, vital reflexes coughing vomiting etc

Question 5

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 5

spinal cord is kind of junction of peripheral and central nervous system, connecting the brain to the entire system. communication part.

Question 6

communication in two ways

Answer 6

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

Question 7

spinal nerves,cranial nerves

Answer 7

afferents from sense organs, efferents to muscles

Question 8

symphathetic Branch

Answer 8

Spinal nerves, ganglia

Question 9

parasympathetic Branc

Answer 9

cranial nerves, spinal nerves
ganglia

Question 10

Sympathetic divison

Answer 10

an arouser: prapares the body to be alert. All these body parts or organs are becoming alerted when sympathetic system is activated.

norepinephrine released by neurons

salviation decreases

Question 11

parasympathetic division

Answer 11

relaxation: acetylcholine is released by neurons
digestion urination get back to normal

Question 12

other than neurons there are

Answer 12

glial cells in the nervous system

Question 13

star shaped astrocyctes

Answer 13

blood supply and exchange of materials (central)

Question 14

protective microglial cells

Answer 14

immune defense of the brain and the spinal cord (central)

Question 15

Ependymal cells

Answer 15

create, secrete and circulate cerebrospinal fluid (central)

Question 16

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 16

myelin sheet (central)

Question 17

Satellite cells

Answer 17

surround and support cell bodies (peripheral)

Question 18

Scwhwann cells

Answer 18

myelin sheet (peripheral)

Question 19

3 main qualities of neurons

Answer 19

they live long
they dont divide so they are irreplaceable
they have high metabolic rate

Question 20

Soma

Answer 20

cell body that has nucleus and other organelles

Question 21

dendrites

Answer 21

listeners

Question 22

axon

Answer 22

talker

Question 23

Multipolar neurons

Answer 23

3 or more processes inc. one axon, bunch of dendrites

Question 24

bipolar neurons

Answer 24

2 processes inc one axon and dendrite, rare: retina

Question 25

unipolar

Answer 25

1 process sensory neurons

Question 26

Broca's area

Answer 26

to produce and process language

Question 27

broca's aphasia

Answer 27

some ability to understand speech but inability to produce intelligible words. Singing helps

Question 28

The spinal cord and brain are protected by

Answer 28

bones (vertebrae and cranium/skull) and (cerebrospinal fluid)

Question 29

Nociceptors

Answer 29

Specialized nerver receptors for pain

Question 30

We all have the same

Answer 30

pain treshold, but individual differences in tolerances for discomfort

Question 31

mechanically gated receptors

Answer 31

that respond to a stretch in their membranes

Question 32

ligand gated receptors

Answer 32

that open when the damaged skin tissue releases chemicals like histamine or potassium ions Electro Chemical messaging system

Question 33

5 steps of producing reflex arc

Answer 33

1 receptors sense the stimulus 2 sensory neurons transmit signals up to PNS and CNS 3 Integration center decodes the signal 4 Motor neurons send directions back to the site of the stimulus 5 Effector cells respon by contracting or secreting

Question 34

Innate reactions

Answer 34

Spinal cord: no need for much conscious processing in the brain

Question 35

Learned reactions

Answer 35

Come from experience and becomes automatic

Question 36

Reflex arcs stimulate and inhibit muscles

Answer 36

not related to pain only (tapping the knee)

Question 37

Thalamus first reciever then send it to

Answer 37

somatosensory cortex (identify and localize the pain caused) limbic system (emotional suffering) frontal cortex (assigning the meaning)