Week 4: Respiratory Flashcards by Hadyn Stadler

Deviated septum

Mostly caused by trauma in the nose

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What to do with a nasal fracture

Make sure patient can breathe, and ascertain that hemorrhage and leakage of CSF are not present

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Types of allergic rhinitis

Seasonal and perennial (pets)

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What is acute viral rhinopharyngitis

the common cold in the URI

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What does acute sinusitis cause

pain over affected sinus, purulent nasal drainage

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What does chronic sinusitis cause

does not cause severe pain and purulent drainage.

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What is a complication of acute pharyngitis and how to treat it

-Peritonsillar abscess
-Tx: IV antibiotics, needle aspiration, drainage, surgery

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What can form on the vocal cords because of vocal abuse or irritation

laryngeal polyps

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What is pertussis

violent coughing

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Aspiration pneumonia

occurs from abnormal entry of secretions or substances in lower airway

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What is a lung abscess

Necrotic lesion of the lung that contains pus
-Tx: Clindamycin

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What is atelectasis

collapsed, airless alveoli

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Most common cause of atelectasis

airway obstruction that results from retained exudates and secretions.

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Pleural effusion

Collection of fluid in pleural space
-it is the sign of another disease

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What is transudative effusion

non-inflammatory conditions, an accumulation of protein poor cell-poor fluid

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Exudative effusion

Accumulation of protein rich fluid and cells in an area of inflammation

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What is empyema

pleural effusion that contains pus

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Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

chronic inflammation and formation of scar tissue in connective tissue

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What is sarcoidosis

chronic multisystem granulomatous (clusters of granulomas or inflamed tissue)

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What is flail chest

fracture of 3 or more ribs in 2 or more separate locations

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What is pneumothorax

air in the pleural space resulting in partial or complete collapse
-can result from closed or open chest trauma
-no lungs sounds

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Spontaneous pneumothorax

Rupture of small blebs (air-filled sacs)

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What is latrogenic pneumothorax

laceration or puncture of lung during medical procedure

What is tension pneumothorax

rapid accumulation of air in pleural space causing high intrapleural pressures, placing tension on heart

What is chylothorax

lymphatic fluid in pleural space caused by leak in thoracic duct

What is pulmonary edema and what causes it

-fluid in alveoli and interstitial spaces of lungs -left sided HF

What is pulmonary embolism and what causes it

-blockage of pulmonary arteries by thrombus, fat, or air, or tumor tissue -most common cause is thrombi in deep veins of legs

Diagnosis test for PE

Spiral CT scan

What is pneumoconiosis

disease caused by inhalation and retention of mineral or metal dust particles

What is TNM staging for cancer

T: extent of tumor N: spread to lymph nodes M: metastasize

Non-small cell lung cancer

-84% of lung cancers -Staged by TNM system

Small cell lung cancer

-13% of lung cancers -Systemic

What is bronchiectasis

permanent abnormal dilation of one or more large bronchi -destroys elastic and muscular structures supporting bronchial wall

Hallmark of bronchiectasis

-persistent or recurrent cough -production of large amounts of purulent sputum (may exceed 500mL/day)

Gold standard for dx of bronchiectasis

What is cystic fibrosis

altered function of exocrine glands, producing airway obstruction and increase in mucous production

What does CF progress to

A restrictive lung disease bc of fibrosis, lung destruction, and thoraic wall changes

Test for CF

sweat chloride test

How is airflow limited in asthma

-bronchoconstriction -edema in airways -hyperactivity

What is status asthmaticus

severe asthma attack that is unresponsive to tx

Dx of asthma

spirometry, peak flow variability

LABAs

never use alone, combine with ICS

What is one goal for someone with asthma

maintaining greater than 80% of personal best PEFR

What causes airflow limitation in COPD

loss of elastic recoil and airflow obstruction from mucus hypersecretion, mucosal edema, and bronchospasm

Diagnosis of COPD

spirometry and FEV1/FVC of less than 70%

Signs of respiratory distress

retractions, nasal flaring, grunting, VS

Risks for spontaneous pneumothorax

being a tall, skinny, man, and also smoking

What will a chest x-ray show in someone with pneumonia

consolidation of white spots

What drug is used for TB

-Rifampin: causes orange secretions -Isoniazid: damages liver

Most common complication of influenza

1. Pneumonia 2. Ear infection 3. Sinus infection

What to teach about pet allergies

1. remove animal 2. Clean 3. inspect improvement in 1-2 weeks

2 types of flu vaccines

-inactivated -live attenuated

3 frequency of symptom descriptions for allergic rhinitis

1. Episodic 2. Intermittent 3. Persistent

Pseudoephedrine side effects

tachycardia, palpitations, seizures, CNS depression

TB classifying

0- no exposure 1- exposure, no infection 2- latent TB, no disease 3- clinically active 4- TB but not clinically active 5- TB suspect