Week 4 - Skeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
State six functions of the skeletal system
A
- Provide support by acting as a structural framework and a point of attachment for tendons and ligaments
- Protect the internal organs (brain, heart, lungs, etc)
- Assist body movements (in conjunction with muscles)
- Store and release calcium and phosphorus
- House the red bone marrow which produces blood cells
- Store triglycerides in adipose cells of yellow marrow
2
Q
Name the two divisions of the skeleton
A
- Axial Division
- Appendicular Division
3
Q
What is the specific function of the Axial division?
A
Provides support and protection
4
Q
What is the specific function of the Appendicular division?
A
Provides mobility for manipulation and locomotion
5
Q
What are some bones in the Axial ANTERIOR view of the skeleton?
A
- Mandible
- Sternum
- Ribs
6
Q
What are some bones in the Axial POSTERIOR view of the skeleton?
A
- Skull
- Vertebral Column
- Sacrum
- Coccyx
7
Q
What are some bones in the Appendicular ANTERIOR view of the skeleton?
A
- Clavicle
- Scapula
- Humerus
- Radius
- Ulna
- Patella
- Tibia
- Fibula
8
Q
What are some bones in the Appendicular POSTERIOR view of the skeleton?
A
- Pelvic Girdle
- Carpal Bones
- Metacarpal bones
- Femur
- Metatarsal bones
- Tarsal bones
9
Q
Name the 5 types of bones
A
- Long bones
- Short bones
- Sesamoid bones
- Flat bones
- Irregular bones
10
Q
What is an example of a Long bone?
A
Humerus
11
Q
What is an example of a short bone?
A
Carpals & Tarsals
12
Q
What is an example of a sesamoid bone?
A
Patella
13
Q
What is an example of a flat bone?
A
Ribs, sternum, skull bones
14
Q
What is an example of an irregular bone?
A
Hip, vertebrae, facial bones
15
Q
Name the cranial bones
A
- Parietal
- Occipital
- Temporal
- Frontal
16
Q
What are the functions of the cranial bones?
A
- Enclose & protect the brain
- The outer surface of the cranial bones provides attachment for muscles that stabilise & move the head
17
Q
Name the four major facial bones
A
- Nasal bone
- Zygomatic bone
- Maxilla bone
- Mandible
18
Q
Name some features and functions of the facial bones
A
- Form the framework of the face
- Contain cavities for organs of sight, taste and smell
- Provide openings for air & food passages
- Secure the teeth
- Anchor the facial muscle of expression
19
Q
State three functions of the paranasal sinuses
A
- Reduce the weight of the skull
- Help to resonate vocal sounds
- Are lined with mucous membranes that humidify & warm air
20
Q
State three functions of the vertebral column
A
- Transmits the weight of the trunk to the lower limbs
- Surrounds & protects the spinal cord
- Provides attachment points for the ribs and muscles of the back and neck
21
Q
Name the five sections of the vertebral column
A
- Cervical
- Thoracic
- Lumbar
- Sacral
- Coccyx
22
Q
How many vertebrae are in the Cervical section?
A
7 vertebrae
23
Q
How many vertebrae are in the Thoracic section?
A
12 vertebrae
24
Q
How many vertebrae are in the Lumbar section?
A
5 vertebrae
25
How many vertebrae are in the Sacral section?
5 fused vertebrae
26
How many vertebrae are in the Coccyx section?
3-5 fussed vertebrae
27
Name the four normal curves of the vertebral column
- Cervical curvature
- Thoracic curvature
- Lumbar curvature
- Sacral curvature
28
Name three abnormalities of spinal curves
- Scoliosis
- Kyphosis
- Lordosis
29
Describe Scoliosis
- Lateral curvature of the thoracic region
- Occurs late childhood
- 8x more common in females
30
Describe Kyphosis
A dorsally exaggerated thoracic curve
31
When is Kyphosis most common?
Most common in older females with osteoporosis
32
Describe Lordosis
- Accentuated lumbar curve
- May be caused by increased weight in the anterior of the body
- To pressure the centre of gravity, the shoulders are automatically backwards
- Pregnancy
- "Potbelly"
33
What are the 5 structural features of a vertebrae?
- Lamina (vertical arch)
- Body
- Vertebral foramen
- Superior articular facet
- Transverse process
34
Function of the Lamina (vertical arch)
Provides support and protection for the backside of the spinal cord.
35
Function of the Body
Provide structure and enable fluid movement in many planes.
36
Function of the Vertebral foramen
Provides for the passage of the spinal cord and the meninges
37
Function of the superior articular facet
Allow flexion (bend forward), extension (bend backward), and twisting motion
38
Function of the Transverse process
Site of attachment for muscles and ligaments of the spine as well as the point of articulation of the ribs (in the thoracic spine)
39
Within the vertebrae, there are several attachment sites for what?
- Muscles that move the vertebral column
| - Ligaments that stabilise the vertebral column
40
Describe the difference between the vertebral foramen and the intervertebral foramen
The Vertebral foramen contains the spinal cord, whereas the intervertebral foramen provides the entry and exit for the spinal nerves
41
Where is the location of the intervertebral discs?
Located between adjacent vertebrae
42
What is the function of the Intervertebral discs?
- Absorb compressive force
| - Permit movement of the vertebral column
43
What does the Thoracic Cage consist of?
- Thoracic vertebrae posteriorly
- Ribs laterally
- Sternum
- Costal cartilages which secure ribs to sternum anteriorly
44
State three functions of the thoracic cage
- Protects heart, lungs and great blood vessels
- Supports the shoulder girdles and upper limbs
- Provides attachment points for muscles of the neck, back, chest and shoulders
45
Label the landmarks of the sternum
- Manubrium
- Body
- Xiphoid process
- As well as the Suprasternal notch
- And the Sternal Angle (angle of louis)
46
Sate the number of ribs
12 pairs (24 ribs)
47
Explain the difference between true and floating ribs
- 'True Ribs' attach to the sternum via costal cartilages
| - 'False Ribs' attach indirectly to costal cartilage
48
State the function of the clavicle
Transmits mechanical force from the upper limb to the trunk
49
State the function of the scapula
- Forms the shoulder joint with the humerus
| - Provides points of attachment for muscles
50
Describe the function of the glenoid cavity
A shallow socket for the head of the humerus
51
In sequence from proximal to distal name (and label) the bones of the upper limb (arm)
- Humerus
- Upper arm
- Una and Radius
- Forearm
- Carpal bones
- Wrist
- Metacarpal bones
- Palm
- Phalanges
- Fingers
52
State the function of the pelvis
Provides strong/stable weight-bearing support
53
Label the bones of the pelvis
```
- Hip Bone
§ Ilium
§ Pubis
§ Ischium
- Sacrum
- Coccyx
```
54
What can the hip bone be broken up into (3 different bones)
- Ilium
- Pubis
- Ischium
55
Name the two joints of the pelvis
- Sacroiliac joint
| - Pubic symphysis
56
Describe four differences between the male and female pelvis
- MALE:
- Larger and heavier, larger muscle attachments
- Pubic arch (Subpubic angle) less than 90 degrees
- Pelvic brim narrow and heart shaped
- Pelvis narrower and deeper
- FEMALE:
- Smaller and lighter
- Pubic arch (subpubic angle) more than 90 degrees
- Pelvic brim wider and more oval
- Pelvis wider and shallower
57
Why is the female pelvis wider and shallower than the male pelvis?
To allow for childbirth
58
In sequence from proximal to distal name (and label) the bones of the lower limb (leg)
- Femur
- Patella
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Tarsal bones
- Metatarsals
- Phalanges
59
State the location of the calcaneus bone
Located in the hindfoot with the talus and is the largest bone of the foot
60
What is the calcaneus bone commonly called?
The Heel
