Week 4: Spinal Cord and Spinal Meninges

Question 1

The adult spinal cord, is ______, is not as long as the vertebral column itself.

a) 24 inches
b) 20 inches
c) 18 inches
d) 10 inches

Answer 1

c) 18 inches

Question 2

The spinal cord ends between the level of ____ and ____.

a) L3 and L4
b) L1 and L2
c) S1 and S2
d) L4 and L5

Answer 2

b) L1 and L2

Question 3

The posterior surface of the spinal cord has a shallow longitudinal groove called the :

a) posterior median sulcus
b) anterior median sulcus
c) anterior median fissure
d) posterior median fissure

Answer 3

a) posterior median sulcus

Question 4

A deeper groove on the anterior surface of the spinal cord is referred to as:

a) posterior median sulcus
b) anterior median sulcus
c) anterior median fissure
d) posterior median fissure

Answer 4

c) anterior median fissure

Question 5

True or False?
The amount of gray matter is greatest in segments of the spinal cord dedicated to sensory and motor control of the limbs.

Answer 5

True.

Question 6

Cervical enlargement supplies the _________ limbs.

Answer 6

Upper limbs

Question 7

Lumbar enlargement supplies the _____ and _________ limbs.

Answer 7

Pelvis and lower limbs

Question 8

The __________ ___________ is the tapered conical end of the spine found inferior to the lumbar enlargement.

a) filum terminale
b) conus medullaris
c) cauda equina
d) none of the above

Answer 8

b) conus medullaris

Question 9

The _________ __________ is a slender strand of fibrous tissue and provides longitudinal support for the spinal cord and is part of the coccygeal ligament.

a) filum terminale
b) conus medullaris
c) cauda equina
d) none of the above

Answer 9

a) filum terminale

Question 10

The filum terminale extends from the inferior tip of the conus medullaris continuing along the vertebral canal to attach to the __________ ________ __________.

a) first sacral vertebrae
b) third sacral vertebrae
c) fourth sacral vertebrae
d) second sacral vertebrae

Answer 10

d) second sacral vertebrae

Question 11

The entire spinal cord can be divided into __ segments on the basis of the origins of the spinal nerves.

a) 29
b) 30
c) 31
d) 32

Answer 11

c) 31

Question 12

_______ ______ ________ are cell bodies of sensory neurons from the peripheral nervous system.

a) dorsal root ganglia
b) ventral root ganglia
c) dorsal root nerve
d) ventral root nerve

Answer 12

a) dorsal root ganglia

Question 13

________ ________ are axons of sensory nerves from the periphery.

a) dorsal ganglia
b) dorsal roots
c) ventral ganglia
d) ventral roots

Answer 13

b) dorsal roots

Question 14

True or False?

Every spinal segment is associated with a pair of dorsal root ganglia, dorsal roots, and ventral roots.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

________ _______ are axons of motor nerves exiting the spinal cord to innervate peripheral structures.

a) dorsal ganglia
b) dorsal roots
c) ventral ganglia
d) ventral roots

Answer 15

d) ventral roots

Question 16

Dorsal and ventral roots combine to form a spinal nerve which exits as mixed nerves through the ________ _________.

a) spinous process
b) intervertebral foramen
c) transverse process
d) spinous foramen

Answer 16

b) intervertebral foramen

Question 17

True or False?

The first pair of spinal nerves passes between C1 and C2.

Answer 17

False.

It passes between the occiput and C1.

Question 18

True or False?

There are 8 cervical nerves in total.

Answer 18

True.

Question 19

Spinal nerve count goes as follows: __ cervical, __ thoracic, __ lumbar, __ sacral, and __ coccygeal.

a) 7, 10, 6, 5, 3-4
b) 7, 12, 6, 5, 1-3
c) 8, 12, 5, 5, 1-3
d) 8, 12, 5, 4, 3-4

Answer 19

c) 8, 12, 5, 5, 1-3

Question 20

The spinal cord ends at L1 or L2 and the dorsal ventral roots of L2-S5 extend inferiorly past the tip of the conus medullaris, creating the ______ ______.

a) filum terminale
b) dorsal roots
c) cauda equina
d) none of the above

Answer 20

c) cauda equina

Question 21

Spinal meninges are a series of specialized membranes surrounding the spinal cord. They provide _______ ________ and acts as _______ ________.

Answer 21

physical stability, shock absorber

Question 22

True or False?

Spinal and cranial meninges are not continuous with each other.

Answer 22

False.

They ARE continuous with each other.

Question 23

______ _______ is the outermost covering of the spinal cord.

a) arachnoid mater
b) dura mater
c) pia mater
d) epinerium

Answer 23

b) dura mater

Question 24

Between the dura mater and the walls of the vertebral canal, lies the _____ ______

a) epidural space
b) subarachnoid space
c) subpia space
d) spinal cord

Answer 24

a) epidural space

Question 25

The dura fuses with the periosteum of the occipital bone and margins of ______ ______ a) intervertebral foramen b) transverse foramen c) foramen magnum d) none of the above

Answer 25

c) foramen magnum

Question 26

Within the sacral canal, the dura forms a dense cord of collagen that blends with the filum terminal forming the _______ _________. a) trasnverse ligament b) sacral ligament c) longitudinal ligament d) coccygeal ligament

Answer 26

d) coccygeal ligament

Question 27

The coccygeal ligament blends the periosteum of the _______. a) sacrum b) S3 c) coccyx d) PSIS

Answer 27

c) coccyx

Question 28

______ ______ is the middle meningeal layer. a) arachnoid mater b) dura mater c) pia mater d) epinerium

Answer 28

a) arachnoid mater

Question 29

True or False? | A narrow subdural space separates dura mater from the deeper meningeal layers.

Answer 29

True.

Question 30

True or False? | The inner surface of dura mater is in contact with the inner surface of the arachnoid membrane.

Answer 30

False. | The inner surface of dura mater is in contact with the outer surface of the arachnoid membrane.

Question 31

_______ ______ is composed of simple squamous epithelia and is the outermost layer of arachnoid mater. a) subarachnoid mater b) dura mater c) arachnoid membrane d) arachnoid trabeculae

Answer 31

c) arachnoid membrane

Question 32

_______ ______ is a delicate network of collagen and elastic fibers which extends to the subarachnoid space. a) subarachnoid mater b) dura mater c) arachnoid membrane d) arachnoid trabeculae

Answer 32

d) arachnoid trabeculae

Question 33

A region between the arachnoid membrane and outer pia mater: a) subarachnoid space b) dura space c) arachnoid space d) pia space

Answer 33

a) subarachnoid space

Question 34

The subarachnoid space is filled with __________.

Answer 34

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 35

_____ ______ is the inner most meningeal layer. It consists of a meshwork of elastin and collagen fibers firmly bound to the underlying neural tissue. a) arachnoid mater b) dura mater c) pia mater d) epinerium

Answer 35

c) pia mater

Question 36

The blood vessels servicing the spinal cord run along dura, arachnoid or pia mater?

Answer 36

Pia mater

Question 37

Which ligaments prevent lateral movement of the spinal cord? a) coccygeal ligaments b) longitudinal ligaments c) transverse ligaments d) denticulate ligaments

Answer 37

d) denticulate ligaments

Question 38

True or False? | Spinal meninges accompany the dorsal and ventral roots as they pass out of the foramen magnum.

Answer 38

False. | As they pass out of the intervertebral foramen.

Question 39

______ are masses of gray matter within the central nervous system. a) nuclei b) ganglia c) neuron d) axon

Answer 39

a) nuclei

Question 40

_______ nuclei receive or relay sensory information from peripheral receptors. a) dorsal b) sensory c) ventral d) motor

Answer 40

b) sensory

Question 41

_______ nuclei issue motor commands to peripheral effectors. a) dorsal b) sensory c) ventral d) motor

Answer 41

d) motor

Question 42

The posterior gray horns of the spinal cord contain nuclei for a) somatic and sensory sensation b) somatic and auditory sensation c) somatic and visceral sensation d) none of the above

Answer 42

c) somatic and visceral sensation

Question 43

The anterior gray horns of the spinal cord contain nuclei for _____ motor. a) sensory b) somatic c) visceral d) none of the above

Answer 43

b) somatic

Question 44

The lateral gray horns of the spinal cord contain nuclei for _____ motor. a) sensory b) somatic c) visceral d) none of the above

Answer 44

c) visceral

Question 45

Gray commissures found posterior and anterior to the central canal contain ____ that pass information from one side of the cord to the other. a) neurons b) axons c) dendrites d) telodendria

Answer 45

b) axons

Question 46

The white matter on each side of the spinal cord can be divided into three regions called columns. These columns are called: a) posterior, anterior, and lateral column b) superior, inferior, and transverse column c) posterior, inferior, and lateral column d) superior, anterior, and lateral column

Answer 46

a) posterior, anterior, and lateral column

Question 47

What are tracts? a) are bundles of axons in the CNS b) are bundles of neurons in the CNS c) are bundles of axons in the PNS d) are bundles of neurons in the PNS

Answer 47

a) are bundles of axons in the CNS

Question 48

Each region of white matter column contains tracts whose axons share functional and structural __________. a) nerves b) pathways c) characteristics d) none of the above

Answer 48

c) characteristics

Question 49

________ tracts carry sensory information toward the brain. a) descending b) ascending c) transcending d) white

Answer 49

b) ascending

Question 50

________ tracts carry motor commands to the spinal cord. a) descending b) ascending c) transcending d) white

Answer 50

a) descending

Question 51

True or False? | Every segment of the spinal cord is attached to a pair of spinal nerves.

Answer 51

True.

Question 52

__________ is the outer layer of spinal nerve; made of dense collagen fiber. a) endoneurium b) perineurium c) epineurium d) endometrium

Answer 52

c) epineurium

Question 53

__________ is the middle layer of spinal nerve; divides the nerve into fascicles. a) endoneurium b) perineurium c) epineurium d) endometrium

Answer 53

b) perineurium

Question 54

___________ is the innermost layer and surrounds individual axons. a) endoneurium b) perineurium c) epineurium d) endometrium

Answer 54

a) endoneurium

Question 55

Arteries and veins penetrate the epineurium and branch within the _________. a) endoneurium b) perineurium c) epineurium d) endometrium

Answer 55

b) perineurium

Question 56

Capillaries leaving the perineurium enter the endoneurium supplying the axons and _______ cells. a) astrocytes b) oligodendrocytes c) schwann d) satellite

Answer 56

d) satellite

Question 57

True or False? | Spinal nerves branch and interconnect with others forming plexuses and eventually peripheral nerves.

Answer 57

True.

Question 58

Spinal nerves, which are blending of ventral and dorsal roots of the spinal cord, form just lateral to the _______________. a) intervertebral foramen b) foramen magnum c) transverse process d) spinous process

Answer 58

a) intervertebral foramen

Question 59

Each spinal nerve divides into _ branches called rami. a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4

Answer 59

d) 4

Question 60

____________ supply most plexuses in the upper and lower limbs (somatic motor and sensation, and autonomics). a) ventral rami b) dorsal rami c) rami communicantes d) recurrent meningeal rami

Answer 60

a) ventral rami

Question 61

_____________ supply skin and muscle of the midline of the back (somatic motor and sensation, and autonomics). a) ventral rami b) dorsal rami c) rami communicantes d) recurrent meningeal rami

Answer 61

b) dorsal rami

Question 62

______________ supplies our viscera (internal and external autonomic supply). a) ventral rami b) dorsal rami c) rami communicantes d) recurrent meningeal rami

Answer 62

c) rami communicantes

Question 63

______________ provides sensation from spinal meninges, facet joints and intervertebral ligaments. a) ventral rami b) dorsal rami c) rami communicantes d) recurrent meningeal rami

Answer 63

d) recurrent meningeal rami

Question 64

The rami communicantes consists of two rami: a) white and gray b) white and black c) gray and black d) dorsal and ventral

Answer 64

a) white and gray

Question 65

The white ramus consists of myelinated visceral motor neurons leaving the lateral horn of the spinal cord synapsing on: a) nuclei of autonomic nervous system b) ganglia of autonomic nervous system c) ganglia of peripheral nervous system d) nuclei of peripheral nervous system

Answer 65

b) ganglia of autonomic nervous system

Question 66

True or False? The gray ramus consists of unmyelinated postganglionic axons which join ventral and dorsal rami to supply autonomics to the body wall.

Answer 66

True.

Question 67

True or False? | Autonomic nerves and somatic nerves are the same.

Answer 67

False. Autonomic nerves are different than somatic nerves. One somatic motor neuron leaves the spinal cord and directly innervates a peripheral effector, whereas all autonomic motor neurons synapse on another smaller neuron before innervating a peripheral effector.

Question 68

True or False? | All nerve plexuses are supplied by several ventral rami of spinal nerves.

Answer 68

True.

Question 69

________ _______ are a complex interwoven network of nerves.

Answer 69

Nerve plexus

Question 70

The ______ plexus is a network of ventral rami from C1 to C4. a) cervical b) brachial c) lumbar d) sacral

Answer 70

a) cervical

Question 71

The brachial plexus is a network of ventral rami from ___ to ___. a) C1 to C4 b) C5 to T1 c) T12 to L4 d) L4 to S1

Answer 71

b) C5 to T1

Question 72

The ______ plexus is a network of ventral rami from T12 to L4. a) cervical b) brachial c) lumbar d) sacral

Answer 72

c) lumbar

Question 73

The sacral plexus is a network of ventral rami from ___ to ___. a) C1 to C4 b) C5 to T1 c) T12 to L4 d) L4 to S1

Answer 73

d) L4 to S1