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PSYCH 241- Social Psychology > Week 4 - The Self > Flashcards

Week 4 - The Self Flashcards

1
Q

Who is William James?

A

“I-self” : knower, experiencer, present-tense, story-teller, consciousness

“Me-self” : known, experienced, past-tense

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2
Q

How do we know ourselves, what are 5 ways?

A
  • Outmoded: projective tests (NOT REALLY USED ANYMORE)
  • Introspection about the self
  • Predicting feelings/behav
  • Selfperception theory
  • Social context
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3
Q

What is a projective method? (Association method)

A

-Unconcious self probed at VIA lateral method

Ex) First word that comes to mind after ________.

“Pencil” “sharp”

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4
Q

What is introspection?

A

Process where you look inwards examine own thoughts, feelings and motives

ONLY YOU have direct access

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5
Q

What might be a reason why we struggle to understand why we make the decisions we do?

A

Nisbett and Wilson suggest… may be based on our common naive theories, therefore may be WRONG

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6
Q

Do friends or strangers know us better?

A

Depends if the traits we are judged on OBSERVABLE or EVALUATE (+) and (-) more based on self-esteem

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7
Q

What is affective forecasting?

A

People are often bad at predicting their OWN feelings

Often wrong about DURATION and INTENSITY

Why?
- Focus (diff perspective VS when in the moment)
- Psycho “immune system” (good at bringing us back to homeostasis)
- We get over it BAD or GOOD ^

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8
Q

What is self-perception theory?

A

When internal cues are HARD to understand

                           =

WE gain insight by observing our OWN behaviour

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9
Q

How do facial expressions effect emotion?

A

Through self-perception

Evoke PHYSIOLOGICAL changes that produce an emotion experience

Ex) facial feedback hypothesis

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10
Q

What are the 2 kinds of motivation in self-perceptions of motivation?

A
  1. Intrinsic: factors W/IN a person
  2. Extrinsic: factors OUTSIDE the person

REWARD or PENALTY can decrease intrinsic motivation ——-> external attributes

Vise versa…

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11
Q

What is the overjustification effect?

A

Tendency for intrinsic motivation to DIMINISH with activities for rewards/other extrinsic factors

Ex) kids and drawing, kids that already like drawing?

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12
Q

What is the social comparison theory?

A

Process of evaluating ourselves through comparisons with other people

Happens most OFTEN when UNCERTAIN about self-evaluation

We compare ourselves with SIMILAR others

Ex) When I’m at uni and I’m feelin ugly I compare myself to get a sense to see if other people care about the way they look

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13
Q

***RECALL (cognition)

What is cognitive appraisal theory of emotions

A

Stimulus —> PRIMARY appraisal process—> SECONDARY appraisal process—> emotional experience

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14
Q

What is the 2- factor theory of emotion?

A

2 factors needed to FEEL emotion:

1) must feel physiological AROUSAL

2) must make cognitive INTERPRETATION

Ex) interact angry vs nice person with placebo VS adrenaline shot

Study by Schahter and Singer

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15
Q

For emotions the physiological interactions can’t be too “____________” and other people must be “____________” before its onset

A

Intense

Present

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16
Q

What is culture

A

A set of beliefs, attitudes, values, norms,
morals, customs, roles, statuses, symbols, and rituals
shared by a SELF-identified group

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17
Q

What is individualism?

A

Gives priority to ones own goals over group goals

Defining identity in terms of PERSONAL attributes

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18
Q

North American/Western cultures are…. (4)

A

Independent self

Context dependent

Analytic reasoning (emphasis on power of RULES)

Internal attributions (behav of others —-> correspond to self traits)

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19
Q

What is collectivism?

A

Promote concept of giving priority to goals of ones GROUP

Define group based on group

Connections with others, group goals, REJECT EGOISM

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20
Q

Eastern cultures are…. (4)

A

Interdependent selves (others part of self)

Context dependent (gestalt)

Holistic reasoning (contradictions are OKAY)

External attributions

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21
Q

What is effectance motivation?

A

The most BASIC and (positive) motivation

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22
Q

Is narcissism on the rise?

What are some “qualities” of millennials

A

Self-esteem movement “every social problem can be traced back to low self esteem”

Millennials- confident, engaged, wealth focussed, entitled, burned-out and stressed

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23
Q

Is anxiety and depression on the rise?

A

Yes

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24
Q

How is narcissism represented online?

A
  • Larger audience
  • Fishing for compliments
  • IDEALISTIC self presented

Ex) the SELFIE
Want approval and superiority (likes)
Relieves anxiety for narcissist

25
Q

What is self-control?

A

‘Over ride’ a pre potent impulse to entact a more appropriate/focus goal

INHIBIT motor responses

26
Q

Self-control has to do with what part of the brain?

What happened in this study?

A

Right lateral PFC (pre-frontal cortex)

“Inhibitory spillover”

Inhibit motor responses to CERTAIN words (some highly charged, some neutral)

Varied in emotional content

Right lateral PFC REDUCED amygdala areas

27
Q

Domain general, self control as a “___________”

A

Muscle (ego depletion)

28
Q

Exercising self control “___________” self control

A

Improves!

-posture, physical exercise, verbal regulation etc…

29
Q

Muscles need energy (glucose), but so does the “_________”

A

Brain!

Self-control DEPLETES glucose

30
Q

Why do people criticize the glucose metaphor?

A

Glucose doesn’t work like that in the brain

Self-control is INFERRED

Difficult to say how this restores a lost source (glucose)?

31
Q

How does ego-depletion work as a motivational process?

A

1) Self-control exertion
(shifts in emotion & attention)

2) self-control failure
= shifts in motivation (reduced “have to” tasks, increase in “want to” tasks)

32
Q

How does self-control work as a motivational process?

A

1) “Cooling temptation” reduce motivation, increase self-control
(Reframe the rewards, emotion suppress/appraisal)

2) Sensitive to the “stop signal” is KEY in self-control
(Have to be aware something is WRONG)

33
Q

What are the 3 aspects of emotion regulation?

A

1) Control how & when you experience & express emotion

2) Unconscious/conscious

3) GOAL-related

Ex) road rage

34
Q

What is cognitive reappraisal?

A

Cognitively CHANGE a stimulus to ALTER emotional response in DESIRED ways

35
Q

What are the costs of cognitive reappraisal? (2)

A

1) Ability
- some people are just BETTER than others

2) Might BACKFIRE for controllable stressors

36
Q

The regulation of stress is linked to “___________ _______________”

A

Many disorders

NOT JUST PERSONALITY

Distress, trauma , poor living cond etc…

YET some people are resilient

37
Q

What is a stressor?

A

Stimulus that THREATENS animals physiological HOMEOSTASIS

Vulnerable VS resilient?

38
Q

What is a stress response?

What kind of feedback does the process give?

A

Active maintenance of physiological HOMEOSTASIS

Sympathetic (fight or flight)

HPA systems

Hypothalamus —> Anterior pituitary —> adrenal cortex
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

39
Q

What happens to a chronically stressed animal?

A

Prolonged exposure —> maladaptive consequence

Chronic stress —> neuroendocrine change

Produce stress-typology…

CAN CAUSE coping and resilience

40
Q

What is learned-helplessness?

A

Stressors that are inescapable OR escapable

Dog example they learned…

PUNISHMENT NOT CONTINGENT ON BEHAVIOUR

41
Q

What did the dogs learn ultimately?

A

That stressor controllability BLUNTS stress- behaviour

Learned RESILIENCE

42
Q

What’s does the process of stress emotion blunting include?

A

Hypothalamus —> Anterior pituitary —>adrenal cortex

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

**Involves the vmPFC (know this only)

43
Q

Vulnerable people may be “___________” why?

What about “_____ ___________” people?

A

vmPFC is IMPORTANT in stress-regulation

Struggle to learn to be resislient

POSITIVE response b/w amygdala and vmPFC
= dispute control over emotions
————————————————————
In non- depressed people they have a NEGATIVE feedback loop

44
Q

What is abstract control?

What are its two controls?

A

HUMANS CAN ABSTRACT!

1) primary control
(I have control)

2) secondary control
(Situation is under control, by larger agents)

45
Q

What is resilient typology?

A

Attachment style

Secure people… find support, reduced stress, built resilient

Similar to control typology

46
Q

What is “grit” in terms of resilience

A

Perseverance and passion for long time goals

47
Q

What is active versus passive self-regulation?

A

Active: fear stimulus —> lateral nucleus —> basal nucleus —> striatum —> ACTIVE COPING REACTION (getting on with life)

Passive: fear stimulus —> central nucleus -> gray region, lateral hypothalamus —> PASSIVE FEAR REACTION
(aroused and stressed)

48
Q

What does the working self-concept mean?

A

Refers to portion of a persons self-schema that is currently activated and influences their behaviour

49
Q

What is solo-status?

A

Sense that one is UNIQUE from those in the current environment

50
Q

Who coined the term symbolic interactionism?

A

Charles Cooley (looking-glass self)

George-Herbert Mead (‘generalized” other)

People use their understanding of how OTHER people view them for how they know themselves

51
Q

What does reflected appraisal mean?

A

What we THINK other people think about us

52
Q

What’s the “better-than-average” effect?

A

People’s tendency to rank themselves HIGHER than most other people

53
Q

What is the 2 factor theory of emotion?

A

People’s level of AROUSAL= determined INTENSITY of an emotion

SPECIFIC type of emotion = determined by the MEANING they give to that arousal

54
Q

What is self-discrepancy theory?

A

First cluster = conscience “how you should be” the ought self

Second cluster = “how you want to be” the ideal self

55
Q

What is auto-motive theory?

A

Proposes that goals are strongly ASSOCIATED with people and objects in which the person pursues them

56
Q

What is action identification theory?

A

How people conceive action (either own or others) in ways that range from CONCRETE to ABSTRACT

57
Q

What is ironic processing?

A

The more we try to not think about something the MORE we think about it

58
Q

What is the “hot” system?

A

Provides direction and energy to SEEK out goals

59
Q

What is the “cool” system

A

Essential to keep us on TRACK as we face temptations and difficulties

PSYCH 241- Social Psychology (12 decks)

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