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PSYCH 241- Social Psychology > Week 9 - Stereotypes & Prejudice & Discrimination > Flashcards

Week 9 - Stereotypes & Prejudice & Discrimination Flashcards

1
Q

What was Columbus first encounter?

A

“They took and gave everything they had with good will…They were built, with handsome bodies and fine features”

“They ought to make good slaves”

People today may be tempted to DISMISS this as outdated, but need to think of wars and genocide

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2
Q

What is intergroup bias?

A

Tendency to prefer the INGROUP as the preferred group than a group to which one doesn’t belong to the OUTGROUP

Groups can be religious, gender, sexual orientation etc…

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3
Q

Bias can manifest itself into “__________, ____________, ____________”

A

Attitude (prejudice)

Behaviour (discrimination)

Cognition (stereotyping)

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4
Q

Intergroup bias may emerge in “_________” or “_________” forms

A

Blatant

Subtle

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5
Q

What’s a way you can measure explicit bias?

A

Modern racism scale

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6
Q

What is aversive racism?

A

Surfaces in SUBTLE ways when it is safe, socially acceptable and easy to rationalize

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7
Q

What’s implicit bias?

A

Stereotyped/prejudice considered UNCONSCIOUS or IMPLICIT

People express them without awareness/without control

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8
Q

How can you measure implicit bias?

A

IAT (implicit association task)

Evaluate priming

Go/no-go association task

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9
Q

True or false. Can people be implicitly bias even when their explicit responses are unbiased?

A

True

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10
Q

Are we really biased?

A

If measured with…

Modern racism scale = NO

IAT = YES

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11
Q

What’s the debate on implicit biases?

A

IF it truly represents ones true attitudes/belief

However,

It does predict better behaviour than self-report measures

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12
Q

What are some other ways to measure implicit biases?

A

The shooter bias (more likely to shoot if black)

Neuroscientific measures (ERP and fMRI)

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13
Q

How does the fMRI measure implicit biases?

A

Stereotype content model:

The stereotypes we have of people DIFFER in 2 DIMENSIONS of COMPENTENCE and WARMTH

= different emotional reactance to groups

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14
Q

What is sexism?

A

Gender stereotypes are distinct = descriptive and prescriptive

Men - competent and independent

Women - warm and expressive

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15
Q

What is social role theory?

A

Stereotypes come from ROLES and BEHAVIOURS that SOCIETAL pressures may impose on group

Can be historical or cultural social constraints

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16
Q

What is gender and social role theory?

What are the 3 steps that makes influence?

A

Small gender differences are magnified by contrasting SOCIAL ROLES by men and women

Tend to be generalized and exaggerated

3 steps:

  • combo of bio and social factors = division of labour
  • behave in way to fit roles
  • make social perception = men/dominant, women/domestic
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17
Q

“_________” of gender stereotypes can result in social and economic backlash.

A

Violation

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18
Q

What are ways people are biased against homosexuals, handicapped and overweight?

A
  • Homosexuality removed from list mental disorders only in 1973
  • People 40% less likely to be interviewed after saying they volunteered for gay organization
  • Bias against physically/mentally handicapped = LONG standing problem
  • Attitude towards overweight women = automatic judgment even when strangers
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19
Q

What are some sources of intergroup bias? (5)

A

1) economic

2) motivation

3) cognition

4) individual differences

5) culture

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20
Q

What is the economic perspective on intergroup bias?

A

Competition for MATERIAL resources

Poor economic conditions

Scape-goating: dominant groups frustrated & displace aggression

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21
Q

What is realistic conflict theory?

A

Competition for scarce resources = BREED prejudice, stereotypes and hostility

NOT necessarily due to differences in background/hostility

Resource conflict may be PERCEIVED or SUBJECTIVE

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22
Q

What are some conclusions about realistic conflict theory?

A

Competition between the groups aren’t necessarily due to background/history

Resource conflict doesn’t have to be REAL, may be PERCEIVED

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23
Q

What is the motivational perspective?

A

A fundamental motive is NEEDED to belong and affiliate

Serves motive self-protection

“Us vs them” mentality

24
Q

What is social identity theory?

A

Self-concept/self-esteem not only driven from personal IDENTITY

BUT also from STATUS and ACCOMPLISHMENTS of groups we belong to

25
Q

People still show bias or discrimination even if…?

(According to social identity theory)

A

1) told they are classified in arbitrary way

2) never at a personal disadvantage

3) don’t meet other group members

26
Q

Due to SIT theory, when people are given the option to favourite “_______ _________” they show higher self-esteem

A

Their ingroup

27
Q

What is system justification?

Does it contrast motive for for ingroup favouritism?

A

Argues that IDEOLOGICAL MOTIVE to justify the STATUS QUO even if it (-) impacts own group

Ex) people may vote for polices even if it goes against own interests

28
Q

What is uncertainty reduction?

A

We are motivated to know WHO we are and HOW we relate to OTHERS

We like to feel certain about things in life

29
Q

SIT is one way to reduce “___________”

A

Uncertainty

30
Q

What is the cognitive perspective on intergroup biases?

A

Results from the ways in which we PROCESS information about people

31
Q

What is social categorization?

A

It helpful/adaptive in processing the COMPLEX world

HOWEVER,

Can OVERESTIMATE and UNDERESTIMATE group differences

32
Q

True or false. Stereotypes aren’t more likely when we are tired, cognitively loaded, or have low mental energy

A

False

They are more likely

33
Q

Social categorization can “______” to outgroup homogeneity effect

What is this?

A

Lead

Tendency to assume that there a greater SIMILARITY among members of OUTGROUPS than among members of INGROUPS

34
Q

What is biased information processing?

A

Stereotypes influence on how we COMMUNICATE, PROCESS INFORMATION and INTERPRET EVENTS

35
Q

What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?

How does this relate to stereotypes?

A

Stereotypes sometimes create this by leading us to act towards outgroup members in ways that ENCOURAGE the very behaviour we EXPECT

36
Q

What is subtyping?

A

Explaining away exceptions to a stereotype by creating a SUBCATEGORY that DIFFERS from the group as a whole

37
Q

What is social dominance orientation (SDO)?

A

Extent to which one sees hierarchy of groups and desire for their INGROUP to dominate over others

Related to beliefs in social ideologies that support GROUP HIERARCHY (civil right, war etc…)

38
Q

What is right wing authoritarianism (RWA)?

A

One values conventionalism, authoritarian aggression and submission

39
Q

RECALL theory of mind and the social brain:

“Social brain”

Self-referential

A

“Social brain” - DMPFC

Self-referential - MPFC & PCC

40
Q

What are some neuroanatomy measures?

A

EEG - resting state frequencies

MRI - voxel-based morphometry

Can explain STABLE differences in personality & behaviour

41
Q

What part of the brain is intergroup discrimination associated with more grey matter?

What is it mediated by?

A

Temporal parietal junction (TPJ)

Dorsomedial Prefrontal cortex (DMPFC)

Mediated bye degree of MENTALIZING (empathy)

42
Q

Intergroup bias has been influenced by “_______” and “_____________”

A

Media

Socialization

43
Q

What can happen being a member of a stigmatized group?

A

May suffer..

Setbacks in health

Wealth

Employment prospects

44
Q

What is attributional ambiguity?

A

Stigmatized group members often face DILEMMA of how to ATTRIBUTE experiences they have

May effect experience of (+) and (-) feedback

45
Q

What is stereotype threat?

A

Fear of being evaluated by or confirming NEGATIVES stereotypes about ones group

Can impact performance

Impacts a vast amount of people and different groups

46
Q

How does stereotype threat affect performance?

A

1) physiological arousal

2) individual suppress thoughts about stereotypes (drain cognitive resources)

3) impairs working memory

4) facilitate negative thoughts & avoidance of failure

47
Q

What are some ways stereotype threat can be alleviated?

A

1) engaging self-affirmation

2) stereotype doesn’t occur in that particular context = negative erased

3) exposing target individuals to (+) role models from their INGROUP

4) reminding a person that they can be part of other categories that are favourable

48
Q

How do you REDUCE prejudice? (In intergroup interactions)

How do you CONTROL prejudice?

A

REDUCE:

  • challenges to this change

CONTROL:

  • dual-process view of prejudice
    (process 1: experiential (quickly/automatic)
    (process 2: rational (reflective/cognitive process)
49
Q

Give 2 reasons why prejudice is not always easily controlled?

A

1) people face LIMITATIONS when they attempt to CONTROL their biases
(cognitive impaired w/ emotions, time/distraction)

2) CONTROLLING biases can have (-) EFFECTS (

50
Q

What is the contact hypothesis?

A

Ingredients for (+) INTERGROUP CONTACT

EQUAL status b/w groups in situation

INTIMATE/VARIED contact = get to know each other

51
Q

Why does optimal contact work?

What are the 3 ways?

A

Key mechanisms by which OPTIMAL CONTACT creates (+) CHANGE:

1) reduce stereotyping
2) reducing anxiety
3) fostering empathy

52
Q

True or false. Can you reduce prejudice without contact?

If so… how?

A

True

PERSPECTIVE taking and EMPATHY

53
Q

How is prejudice, stereotypes and discrimination related?

A

People who hold prejudice often JUSTIFY them with stereotypes

People holding prejudices and stereotypes often LEADS to discrimination

54
Q

What are the 3 basic causes of prejudice according to Gordon Allport?

A

1) hostility plus categorization

2) Ingroup bias

3) threats to ones worldview

55
Q

What is ambivalent racism?

A

White Americans embrace both negativity towards BLACK people and another that leads to more favourable views of them

56
Q

What is an Illusory correlation?

A

People think two things are related when in reality THEY AREN’T

57
Q

What is person-group discrimination discrepancy?

A

People to estimate that they experience LESS discrimination than the average member of the group

PSYCH 241- Social Psychology (12 decks)

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