Week 4b: Behavioural and Neurodevelopmental Disorders Flashcards
(29 cards)
What are neurodevelopmental disorders?
Conditions that arise during the developmental period, involving significant difficulties in the acquisition and execution of specific intellectual, motor, language, or social functions.
What are behavioural disorders?
Conditions characterized by patterns of disruptive, impulsive, or antisocial behaviours, often diagnosed in childhood or adolescence
How does the DSM categorize these disorders?
Under “Neurodevelopmental Disorders” and “Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders”.
How does the ICD-10 categorize these disorders?
Under “Behavioural and Emotional Disorders with Onset Usually Occurring in Childhood and Adolescence”
How does the ICD-11 categorize these disorders?
Under “Neurodevelopmental Disorders” and “Disruptive Behaviour or Dissocial Disorders”.
What is neurodiversity?
The concept that neurological differences, such as autism and ADHD, are natural variations of the human genome and should not be pathologized.
Who coined the term “neurodiversity”?
Judy Singer, an individual with autism, in 1998.
What are the core symptoms of ADHD?
Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
What are the diagnostic criteria for ADHD according to DSM-5?
At least 6 symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity present for at least 6 months, with onset before age 12, and symptoms present in two or more settings.
What are the diagnostic criteria for ADHD according to ICD-11?
Similar to DSM-5, with the addition that ADHD can co-occur with autism spectrum disorder.
What is the global prevalence of ADHD?
Approximately 3.4%.
What are the biological theories behind ADHD?
Genetic factors (e.g., dopamine receptor gene D4), neurotransmitter dysregulation (dopamine and noradrenaline), and hypoarousal hypothesis (under-arousal leading to stimulus-seeking behaviour).
What are the psychosocial theories behind ADHD?
Impaired executive function (e.g., behavioural inhibition), and family/systemic factors (e.g., high stress, low support).
What are the environmental risk factors for ADHD?
Prenatal alcohol and smoking exposure.
What are the treatment options for ADHD?
Medication (e.g., methylphenidate, atomoxetine), psychological interventions (e.g., CBT, social skills training), and lifestyle modifications.
What is Conduct Disorder?
A pattern of repetitive and persistent behaviour involving aggression towards people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violation of rules.
What is the prevalence of Conduct Disorder?
Approximately 4-16% in boys and 1-9% in girls.
What are the risk factors for Conduct Disorder?
Genetic factors, neuropsychological factors, prenatal factors, and family environment.
How does Conduct Disorder present differently in boys and girls?
Boys often exhibit aggressive and violent behaviours, while girls may display more covert behaviours such as lying and running away.
What is Oppositional Defiant Disorder?
A pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behaviour, or vindictiveness lasting at least 6 months, with at least four symptoms present during interactions with at least one individual who is not a sibling
What is the prevalence of ODD?
Approximately 3.6% up to age 18
What is Autism Spectrum Disorder?
A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests, or activities.
What is the prevalence of ASD?
Approximately 1% worldwide, though rates may vary due to diagnostic criteria and awareness.
What are the core symptoms of ASD?
A: Deficits in social communication and social interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests, or activities.
