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PYB215 forensic psych > week 5 > Flashcards

week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the polygraph test assume

A

that lying is accompanied by physiological activity within liars body

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2
Q

what does the polygraph try to detect

A

displays a direct representation of various types of bodily activity such as
sweating of fingers (GSR)
blood pressure
respiration

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3
Q

what are problems with polygraphs

A

potentially low base rates of deception
some people may react wrong eg. innocent reacts strongly or person who committed crime doesn’t react
polygraphers have to convince the suspect that the polygraph is a flawless detector of lies (this may involve lying which is not allowed in many jurisdictions )
lack of standardisation
countermeasures may be used by suspect
difficult to test the accuracy

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4
Q

what is meant by a Lack of standardisation in polygraphs

A

Scoring is subjective
Questions differ from test to test

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5
Q

types of Countermeasures may be used by suspect when getting a polygraph

A

tongue biting
pressing toes on floor
counting backwards from 100
imaging either a calming scene or an arousing scene

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6
Q

what percentage of Guilty suspects correctly classified as guilty

A

84 – 92%

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7
Q

what percentage of Innocent suspects correctly classified as innocent

A

69.7%

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8
Q

what percentage of Guilty suspects incorrectly classified as innocent

A

9.7%

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9
Q

what percentage Innocent suspects incorrectly classified as guilty

A

9 – 24%

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10
Q

what percentage of Guilty suspects that cannot be classified

A

11.8%

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11
Q

what percentage of Innocent suspects that cannot be classified

A

14.8%

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12
Q

When verbal and nonverbal messages do not match:

A

nonverbal behaviour the ‘better’ indicator of the truth (harder to control)

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13
Q

why is it hard to control nonverbal communication

A

Automatic links between emotions and nonverbal behaviours
eg. fear and automatic facial expression and body movement
People are unaware of what normal nonverbal behaviour is
People are not practised in controlling nonverbal behaviour

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14
Q

what is the Micro Expression Training Tool (METT)

A

Trained to identify micro expressions, feedback, photos of faces with emotions,
large increases in accuracy with one-hour training

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15
Q

how many people are charged per year solely based on eyewitness evidence

A

77,000

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16
Q

in the UK what percentage of cases where only evidence was eyewitness led to a conviction

A

74%

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17
Q

Where can the memory go wrong?

A

Acquisition or encoding stage
Retention or storage stage
Retrieval or recall stage

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18
Q

how can memory go wrong in the Retrieval or recall stage

A

forgetting, failure to communicate important items

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19
Q

how can memory go wrong in the Retention or storage stage

A

decay, forgetting, post-event feedback

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20
Q

how can memory go wrong in the Acquisition or encoding stage

A

not paying enough attention

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21
Q

in 36 of the first 40 cases the innocence projects examined what was the primary evidence

A

eyewitness identification

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22
Q

how many DNA exornerations have happened

A

356

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23
Q

how many of the dna exonerations did they find the true suspect

A

150

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24
Q

how many years does the average innocent person serve

A

16 years

25
Q

how many cases were people sentenced to death before their innocence proven by dna

A

17

26
Q

percentage of exoneration cases when Eyewitness mistaken identification

A

63%

27
Q

what percentage of innocent cases involved false confessions

A

26%

28
Q

what percentage of wrongful convictions involved bad forensic science

A

52%

29
Q

How can psychology contribute to the legal system in the area of wrongful convictions

A

Assess the validity of an individual eyewitness
Prevention of errors in the first place

30
Q

what are the Two types of variables that influence eyewitness errors

A

System variables
Estimator variables

31
Q

what influences testimony

A

estimator variables
system variables

32
Q

what are estimator variables

A

Beyond the control of the justice system
Can only estimate the influence of the effect on a witness, not control it
E.g., the weapon effect and environmental conditions

33
Q

what are System variables

A

The justice system has control of these
E.g., the influence of lineup structure

34
Q

Estimator variables: Identification accuracy poorer if

A

Target less salient
Short exposure duration
Weapon present
Crime ‘less’ serious
Perpetrator opposite gender to witness
Race
Arousal

35
Q

Two main categories of research for system variables

A

Event memory
Identification memory

36
Q

what is Identification memory

A

Ability to select perpetrator from a lineup

37
Q

what is Event memory

A

Memory for a critical event

38
Q

what percentage of US officers not trained in witness interviewing

A

98%

39
Q

what is the technique most likely to solve cases

A

witness interviewing

40
Q

Even when trained in interviewing witnesses, the officers don’t tend to use

A

the recall strategies

41
Q

what don’t officers receive training for

A

conducting interviews with cooperative witnesses

42
Q

Errors made in police interviews that led to development of Cognitive Interview

A

Asking too many closed-ended questions and too few open-ended questions
Frequently interrupting eyewitnesses in the middle of narrative responses
Asking questions in a predetermined and inflexible order

43
Q

what does The Cognitive Interview aim to do

A

Attempts to enhance recall by improving elements of the interview:
The social dynamics and communication between the interviewer and the eyewitness
The eyewitness’s memory and other cognitive processes

44
Q

what percentage of improvement in information recalled due to the cognitive interview

A

Between 35% and 55% improvement in amount of information recalled vs police interview with no increase in incorrect information

45
Q

Cognitive Interview methods

A

Context Reinstatement
Report Everything
Change Perspective
Reverse Order

46
Q

what is Context Reinstatement

A

What were the physical/personal contexts at time of crime?

47
Q

what is Report Everything

A

Include (perceived to be) irrelevant detail

48
Q

what is Change Perspective

A

Place yourself in shoes of someone else at the scene…..

49
Q

what is Reverse Order

A

Recall from a variety of chronological orders

50
Q

What could be wrong with Change perspective?

A

Hearsay
Speculation
Gives permission for witness to speculate/assume/conjecture
Question is confusing for eyewitness
Question is often confusing for officers
Alternate viewpoint may disrupt/alter actual original memory

51
Q

what percentage of US law enforcement agencies have no written policy for construction and administration of photo line ups

A

64%

52
Q

what percentage of US law enforcement agencies have no written policy for construction and administration of live line ups

A

84%

53
Q

how many people per day end up as defendents because of photospreads or lineups

A

200 per day

54
Q

what should a lineup look like

A

A lineup should contain only one suspect and several other known-innocent people
Fillers are selected based on similarity
Fillers should fit the verbal description of the perpetrator
Do not want to make them too similar or too different

55
Q

Instructions prior to viewing lineup

A

Eyewitnesses need to be told that the perpetrator may or may not be in the lineup

56
Q

what is the standard practice for lineups

A

simultaneous
-Fillers and suspect presented at the same time

57
Q

what is the Sequential process for a lineup

A

Eyewitness is presented with one person at a time and must decide per person whether they are the perpetrator

58
Q

mistaken identity percentage for Sequential process

A

17%

59
Q

mistaken identity for simultaneous presentation

A

43%

PYB215 forensic psych (10 decks)

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