Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

MJM > Week 5 > Flashcards

Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the skull

A

Protection and housing the brain and sensory organs
Supporting the openings through which air flows and food enters the body
To provide muscle attachment
Haemopoeisis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Parts of the skul

A

Neurocranium
Viscera/splanchnocranium (Face)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Muscles of the skull

A

Muscles of facial expression- facial nerve
Muscles of mastication
Muscles attaching to spine and thorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Function of the spine

A

To support the trunk
To protect the spinal cord
To provide muscle attachment
Haemopoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Spinal curvatures

A

Cervical curvature (secondary)
Thoracic curvature (primary)
Lumbar curvature (secondary)
Sacral/coccygeal curvature (primary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Abnormal spinal curvatures

A

Kyphosis
Scoliosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Movements of the spine

A

Extension
Flexion
Lateral flexion
Rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Zygapophysial joints

A

Only synovial joint in spine
Comprise the postero-lateral articulation between vertebral levels
Between the superior Articular process of one vertebrae and the inferior articular process of another
Cervical - “sloped from anterior to posterior”
Thoracic- “vertical”
Lumbar-“wrapped”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Muscles of the spine: extrinsic muscles superficial layer

A

Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Rhomboids
Levator scapulae
(Supplied by ventral rami of cervical spinal nerves)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Extrinsic muscles of spine- deep layer

A

Serratus posterior superior and inferior
Supplied by intercostal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Intrinsic muscles of spine- superficial layer

A

Splenius
Erector spinae: spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis
Supplied by dorsal rami of spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Intrinsic muscles of spine- deep layer

A

Semispinalis
Multifidus
Rotatores
(And even deeper-interspinales and intertransverse muscles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the skull

A

Collective term referring to the complete skeleton of head
Made from 22 discrete bones
Most bones are joined by fibrous joints called sutures
Has a special bilateral moveable joint- TMJ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Two components of the skull

A

The cranium
The mandible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Main Divisions of cranium

A

The neurocranium
The viscerocranium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The neurocranium

A

Houses the brain and attendant anatomical structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The viscerocranium

A

Known as the facial skeleton
Made up from rest of the cranial skeleton that is not part of the neurocranium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

More divisions of the cranium

A

The calvaria- upper box like bony construct, houses brain and attendant anatomical structures
Skull base- base of calvaria, articulates with the vertebral column, also known as the chondrocranium
Facial skeleton- it is lower and anterior part of the skeleton, made up from the rest of the cranial skeleton that is not part of the neurocranium. Viscerocranium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Bones of the cranium antero-lateral view

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Sphenoid
Occipital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Bones of the skull antero-lateral view

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Sphenoid
Occipital
Facial bones
Mandible
Teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Sutures of the skull

A

A feature of bones forming suture joints of the skull is that their edges are often serrated
Allowing them to interlock firmly
Makes it less likely for them to be easily unlocked by force applied only in one direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Basic functions of the skull

A

Encloses and protects
-the brain
-special sense organs: eyes, ears, vestibular organs, taste (tongue and nose), olfaction
Creates a specialised environment in which the brain thrives- cranial cavity
Acts as a site for attachments of: muscles, meninges (periostal layer of dura mater)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does skull achieve its ‘protective’ function

A

Bones are classified as flat bones
Flat bones are dense so strong
Their strength probably explains why they’re considered as primarily protective in function
Cranium is a tri-lamina bony structure
2 plates of compact bone (thick plates): outer plate, inner plate, compact packing of bone gives it resilience
1 middle layer of spongy bone: known as the diploe, helps to reduce the weight of the cranium

24
Q

Thickness of the cranium

A

Variable
Some areas its very thick: occipital and frontal bones
Others its thin: pterion

25
The calvaria
Bony housing of the brain Divided into a cap and a base
26
main bones of the cranial cap
Superior-external view Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal (not from this view Suture lines: -coronal -longitudinal -lambdoid -bregma -lambda Foramina: emissary veins
27
The cranial floor divisions
Cranial fossa Anterior fossa Middle fossa Posterior fossa
28
Foramina of the cranial floor
Lessen weight of skull Allow for passage of anatomical structures between extra and intra cranial components Their large number make the floor weak Cranial base is liable to fracture in high energy impacts to head
29
The mandible
Innominate bone Comprises 2 separate bones Bilateral bony structure Formed by union of left and right mandibles Joined by a midline fibrous joint - the mental symphysis
30
Temporomandibular joint
Joint formed by articulation of the mandible with the cranium Found anterior to and vertically level with the tragus of ear Most complex joint Modified synovial joint Has a fibrous capsule- very strong, also thin and loose to permit movements of the joint A fibrous disc known as articular disc or meniscus separates bony surfaces from making direct contact Synovial cavity is compartmentalised: upper cavity and lower cavity this allows for 2 types of independent displacements of joint: -a gliding joint (translational movements in upper cavity) -a modified hinge joint (rotational movement in lower cavity)
31
Muscles of mastication
These muscles have 1st branchial arch origins all receive motor innervation from mandibular division of CNV Primary muscles of mastication are: -masseter -temporalis -lateral pterygoid -medial pterygoid
32
Jaw depressors or jaw opening muscles
Lateral pterygoid Supplied by mandibular division of CNV
33
Jaw elevators or jaw closing muscles
Masseter Temporalis Medial pterygoid
34
Muscle groups of the face
Muscles of facial expression or mimetic muscles Anatomically classified as skeletal muscles Striated muscles under ‘voluntary control’ have 2nd branchial arch origins All muscles receive efferent or motor innervation from a common cranial nerve source- motor divisions of cranial nerve VII
35
Functional groups of muscles of the face
Sphincter muscles: classified as circular muscles, also known as orbital muscles, attend orifices of cavities, also form sites of attachments of other muscles of facial expression proper Muscles of facial expression proper- alter facial expression Neurological conditions that affect motor tone of muscles of facial expression can also lead to expressionless faces eg parkinsonian face
36
The vertebral column
The vertebral column forms the main axis for the body’s musculature Articulations of its individual bones determine posture, shape and movements of the body
37
Centrality of the vertebral column to form
Forms the centre of the back Acts as a site for attachment of muscles of respiration Acts as a site for attachment for muscles of the upper limb Acts as a site for attachment of intrinsic muscles of the back Acts as a site for attachment for intrinsic muscles of the neck Highly flexible: flexibility is derived from attachments of its ligaments and muscles Permits movement of the head, trunk and limbs
38
What is the body wall
It’s the continuous ‘circular’ layered, external surface of the human body consisting of derivatives from ectoderm and mesoderm and enclosing the body cavity The body wall creates a shell around the major cavities of the body
39
Muscle layer of the body wall
Anterolateral muscle wall- also known as the ventrolateral wall Posterior muscle wall- dorsal muscle wall
40
Muscles of the neck that move the head
Their attachments allow for the neck to be divisible into anatomical triangles
41
Muscles that move the hyoid bone
They attach to the hyoid bone Their common action is to move the hyoid bone Suprahyoid muscles Infrahyoid muscles-classified as strap muscles of the neck
42
Hyoid muscle divide the anterior triangle
Suprahyoid group: elevate hyoid and larynx during swallowing. Digastric, mylohyoid, stylohyoid, geniohyoid Infrahyoid group: depress the hyoid and larynx during swallowing and speech. Thyrohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid
43
Muscles of the back
Arranged in functional layers Enclosed by a facial covering which attaches medially to the: Ligamentum nuchae Tips of the spinous processes Supraspinal ligament of the entire vertebral column The median crest of the sacrum Extrinsic muscles of the back derived from the upper limb and muscles of respiration Intrinsic muscles of the back
44
Extrinsic muscles of the back
Superficial extrinsic muscles of the back: connect upper extremities to the trunk, they form the v-shaped musculature associated with the middle and upper back Include: trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboids Intermediate extrinsic muscles of the back: Serratus posterior superior and Serratus posterior inferior
45
Intrinsic muscles of the back
Stretch from pelvis to cranium Help to maintain posture Move the vertebral column Divided into 3 groups: superficial, intermediate, deep Muscles in all layers are innervated by the posterior rami of spinal nerves Injuries of the intrinsic back muscles often occur while using improper lifting techniques
46
Splenius
Superficial layer of intrinsic muscles of the back Serves as a strap covering and holding deeper muscles of the neck Arises from ligamentum nuchae and spinous process from C7 to T6 Divided into 2 parts: - splenius capitis: inserts on the mastoid process and lateral one third of the superior nuchal line -splenius cervicis: ends in the posterior tubercles of the first two or cervical vertebrae
47
Intermediate layer of intrinsic muscles
Erector spinae muscles: Lateral iliocostalis Intermediate longissimus Medial spinalis
48
Erector spinae
Occupies the costovertebral groove of the back Lies directly under the posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia Begins in a broad thick tendon which is attached to: -posterior aspect of the sacrum -posterior portion of the iliac crest -lumbar spinous process -supraspinal ligament Ascends through whole length of the back Columns are composed of fascicles of shorter length Each column is composed of a rope-like series of fascicles various bundles arising as others are inserting Each fascicle spans from 6-10 segments between bony attachments Muscular fibres split into 3 columns at lumbar levels : -lateral iliocostalis -intermediate longissimus -medial spinalis
49
Iliocostalis
Lateral muscular column Begins at crest of ileum Inserts on the angles of the ribs It’s higher fascicles arise in lower ribs It inserts in upper ribs and at cervical levels end in the posterior tubercles of cervical transverse process
50
Longissimus
Larger intermediate column Reaches the skull Has many portions:thoracis,cervicis, capitis Longissimus capitis inserts in the posterior margins of the mastoid process, beneath the splenius and sternocleidomastoid muscles
51
Spinalis
It is the narrow medial most column Arises from spinous processes and inserts into spinous process Has distinct thoracis and cervicis portions and a capitis portion that is usually inseparably blended with the semispinalis capitis
52
Functions of erector spinae
Extends the vertebral column Acting on one sides bends the column towards that side The capitis insertion of the longissimus serves to bend the head and rotate the face towards the same side Slow flexion of the trunk but ceases activity when full flexion is reached giving over to ligamentous support Innervated by branches of dorsal rami of spinal nerves Overlies the semispinalis and multifundus muscles of the transervospinal group
53
Transversospinal muscle group
Lies deep to the erector spinae Lies as a series of obliquely disposed muscles Most have origins in transverse processes and their insertions in spinous processes
54
Semispinalis
Most superficial group Occupies half the length of the vertebral column Divided into: capitis, cervicis, thoracis Semispinalis capitis is the largest muscle mass of the back of neck
55
Multifidus muscle
These muscles are short and triangular Originate in various places but always travel superiorly and medially for two to four segments and attach on spinous processes
56
Neonatal skull
Anterior fontanella- 18-36 months last to close Sphenoid fontanella- 6 months Mastoid fontanella- 6-18 months Posterior fontanella- within 6 weeks to 3 months first to close Sutures not formed ossification not complete Adult skull: coronal suture, squamous suture, lambdoid suture

MJM (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions