Week 5 Flashcards

Question

What is the study on the risk and protective factors for drug use and abuse? (3)

Answer 1

A study found risk and protective factors in the context of addiction from an epidemiological perspective Tracked youths over time to see what substances they were using, how much and how often to examine factors that may be associated with drug use over time Found that scores for both risk and protective indexes correlated with the frequency and quantity of drug use (protective negatively correlated with use, risk negatively correlated with use)

Answer 2

High GPA Low depression Having supportive relationships at home Perceiving many sanctions for drug use High religiosity High self-acceptance High law abidance

Answer 3

Low educational aspirations High perceived adult drug use High perceived peer drug use Many deviant behaviors High perception of community support for drug use Easy availability of drugs Low perceived opportunity

Answer 4

Risk factors are additive and combine to create heightened risk but they also interact with protective factors RFI and PFI interaction was not predictive of concurrent outcomes It was predictive of hard drug frequency for everyone and cocaine/cigarette use for women Found a buffering effect, where high risk and low protection was linked to high drug use and low risk and high protection was linked to low drug use Predicted greater cocaine and cannabis use 4 years later and alcohol problems 8 years later In youth, high risk factors were not mediated by protective factors Cannot attribute addiction to one or even a few causes/factors since we are all so different Drug use and addiction increase as numbers of vulnerability conditions to which a person is exposed and with which they must cope increase

Answer 5

fMRI studies show that the longer one uses cocaine, the less dopamine D2 receptors there are This may contribute to the loss of control and impulsivity in cocaine users There is evidence that the effect can reverse slightly due to abstinence

Answer 6

Cocaine enters the brain and block the uptake and recycling of dopamine by blocking the dopamine transporters at the synapse at the end of each cell Means dopamine builds between the cells, giving you the high of release

Answer 7

Cocaine intoxication can produce a wide variety of psychiatric symptoms that can persist for months, even for months following the termination of cocaine use Delusions, paranoia, hallucinations, severe anxiety Psychosis and psychotic disorders Suicidality Withdrawal (which has sleep impacts, psych effects, craving, cardiovascular problems) Overdose (seizures, hypertension, shaking, rapid heartbeat, coma and death)

Answer 8

James Bonsack invented the cigarette making machine in 1881, which could make 120,000 cigarettes a day This industrialized smoking and made it easily accessible and mainstream, mostly for men During and after WWII, women were entering the workforce which resulted in them taking up smoking Ads for smoking were everywhere, like by Camel Smoking wasn’t seen as dangerous because companies would hire actors to pose as doctors in ads and say they smoke them too and are doctor approved When people started to realize the risk, companies then sold devices to moderate risk

Answer 9

In 2016, people who smoke the most are males in the 20-34 category (1 in 4 having smoked that year) Known sex different across all age groups, with males more at risk Negative relationship between smoking and household income (the more income you have, the less likely you are to smoke) which speaks to the socio-structural aspects of smoking addiction

Answer 10

See they are more vulnerable to risky behavior because their brains are still developing and they are more impulsive Over a quarter were using tobacco in the past year Tobacco is associated with more frequent use of alcohol, cannabis and other illicit drugs relative to non-smoking youth and adults regardless of smoking This impact is seen the most by teens and youth (loses its effect after 20) Cannot necessarily say tobacco is a gateway drug to other drug use and addiction but it is correlated and it is an indicator of other risky behaviors in youth It is also self-report which could be a limitation due to bias

Answer 11

Nicotine dependence is the most common SUD and it is known at the chameleon drug It acts as a sedative when the smoker is anxious and as a stimulant when they are fatigued Reaches the brain within seconds On average, a smoke takes about 200 puffs a day, which is a lot and very different from cocaine addicts who would die if they did that Similar to slot machine playing, which is fast action anticipating a reward

Answer 12

The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence Test asks 6 questions, it is highly reliable and valid for screening for nicotine dependence Very short and can be administered quickly to a lot of people

Answer 13

Dopamine theory had been the prevailing narrative but recent evidence suggests a more nuanced understanding In the nucleus accumbens, nicotine pushes the accelerator (dopamine) and disables the breaks (GABA) and this ratio increases the release of dopamine

Answer 14

Nicotine affects two neurons that modulate DA level in the nucleus accumbens It stimulates the release of glutamate, which triggers additional dopamine It blocks the release of GABA, which sustains DA level It increases the ratio of glutamate to GABA in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which amplifies the rewarding properties of nicotine

Answer 15

Impotence Strokes Cancer (lung especially deadly) Environmental impacts There are chemicals like PAINT, methanol and arsenic in there which can kill you

Answer 16

Characterized by fatigue, irritability, gastrointestinal upset and cravings Acute withdrawal resolves in about 5 days but cravings can last months Relapse rates are high and many people spend years and decades of their lives trying to overcome addiction

Week 5 Flashcards

(40 cards)