Week 5

Question 1

Latanoprost (Xalatan)
Category, Primary function, features

Answer 1

Category: Prostaglandin analog
Primary function: lower IOP in pts w/glaucoma
Features: 1st line tx for glaucoma, effective as BBs, less SEs

Question 2

Latanoprost MOA

Answer 2

Prostaglandin analogs lower IOP by facilitating outflow of aqueous humor by relaxing ciliary muscle

Question 3

Cholinesterase Inhibitors prototype

Answer 3

Echothiophate (Phospholine Iodide)

Question 4

Echothiophate
(Phospholine Iodide)
Function & Features

Answer 4

-Reduce IOP in glaucoma pts
- It’s the only cholinesterase inhibitor used in glaucoma

Question 5

Echothiophate MOA

Answer 5

Inhibits the breakdown of acetylcholine by cholinesterase leading to increased concentrations of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors. Results in miosis, focusing of the lens for near vision & reduction of IOP

Question 6

True or False: Bacterial eye infections are the most common type of eye infection.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Fill in the blank: The most common symptom of eye infections is __________.

Answer 7

redness and irritation

Question 8

What are the common types of eye infections?

Answer 8

Conjunctivitis, keratitis, and uveitis.

Question 9

Which type of conjunctivitis is highly contagious?

Answer 9

Viral conjunctivitis.

Question 10

What is a common treatment for bacterial eye infections?

Answer 10

Antibiotic eye drops or ointments.

Question 11

Multiple choice: Which of the following is NOT a symptom of eye infections? A) Pain B) Discharge C) Increased vision D) Swelling

Answer 11

C) Increased vision

Question 12

Short answer: Name one risk factor for developing eye infections.

Answer 12

Contact lens use.

Question 13

True or False: All eye infections require antibiotic treatment.

Answer 13

False

Question 14

What is the first step in the management of an eye infection?

Answer 14

Proper diagnosis by an eye care professional.

Question 15

Fill in the blank: __________ is an inflammation of the cornea often caused by infection.

Answer 15

Keratitis

Question 16

What is the role of antiviral medications in eye infections?

Answer 16

To treat viral infections such as herpes simplex keratitis.

Question 17

Multiple choice: Which of the following can cause allergic conjunctivitis? A) Pollen B) Bacteria C) Viruses D) Fungi

Answer 17

A) Pollen

Question 18

True or False: Eye infections can sometimes lead to systemic infections.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Fill in the blank: __________ is a type of eye infection that affects the inner part of the eye.

Answer 19

Uveitis

Question 20

What symptom typically indicates a more severe eye infection?

Answer 20

Severe pain or vision loss.

Question 21

Multiple choice: What is a common viral cause of conjunctivitis? A) Staphylococcus B) Adenovirus C) Streptococcus D) Candida

Answer 21

B) Adenovirus

Question 22

What should be done if an eye infection does not improve with initial treatment?

Answer 22

Re-evaluation by an eye care professional.

Question 23

True or False: Eye infections can be self-treated without professional guidance.

Answer 23

False

Question 24

What is the importance of patient education in the management of eye infections?

Answer 24

To ensure compliance with treatment and prevent recurrence.

Question 25

Fill in the blank: The use of __________ can help relieve discomfort in allergic conjunctivitis.

Answer 25

antihistamines

Question 26

What is the role of corticosteroids in treating certain eye infections?

Answer 26

To reduce inflammation.

Question 27

Multiple choice: Which of the following is a common symptom of keratitis? A) Itching B) Blurred vision C) Sneezing D) Fever

Answer 27

B) Blurred vision

Question 28

What is the effect of prolonged contact lens wear on eye health?

Answer 28

Increased risk of eye infections.

Question 29

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors: Dorzolamide (Trusopt) MOA

Answer 29

Reduce IOP by inhibiting the enzyme carbonic anhydrase in the ciliary processes of the eye, which decreases the production of aqueous humor

Question 30

Which med would a pt with glaucoma receive if they got no relief from Prostaglandin analogs or BBs AND is allergic to sulfa?

Answer 30

Cholinesterase Inhibitors: echothiophate (Phospholine Iodide)

Question 31

What eye drops are used in infants? Which are not?

Answer 31

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are occasionally used, but systemic formulations are avoided due to SEs. Prostaglandin analogs and cholinesterase inhibitors are not used

Question 32

What is otitis external? How does it present?

Answer 32

"swimmers ear" is an inflammation of the external auditory canal caused by bacterial infection. Symptoms: ear pain, pruritus, and discharge

Question 33

What is otomycosis?

Answer 33

Fungal infection of the external auditory canal, mainly caused by aspergillus or candida species

Question 34

Presenting signs of of otomycosis. How is it treated?

Answer 34

- Itching and erythema -thorough cleaning and application of acidifying drops or anti-fungal solutions

Question 35

What causes Otitis Media ?

Answer 35

Fluid being trapped in the Eustachian tube in the middle ear, developing a bacterial infection

Question 36

Otitis Media Symptoms

Answer 36

ear pain, sensation of fullness or pressure, hearing loss, fever and sometimes otorrhea if they tyrannic membrane is perforated or tympanovstomy tubes are present

Question 37

Otits Externa Symptoms

Answer 37

ear pain, itching, redness inside the ear, feeling of fullness and purulent discharge. Increased pain when outer ear is touched or pulled

Question 38

Common otits media pathogens

Answer 38

Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenza, and Moraxella catarrhalis

Question 39

Common otitis externa pathogens

Answer 39

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphlococcus aureus

Question 40

First line med for Otitis Media (OM)

Answer 40

Oral amoxicillin for 5-10 days If PCN allergic- Erythromycin and Sulfisoxazole, a cephalosporin (Cefdinir or Cefuroxime) if allergy isn't severe. Azithromycin or clarithromycin if the allergy is severe

Question 41

How to treat drug resistant OM

Answer 41

High dose amoxicillin (for S.pneumoniae) OR high dose amoxicillin/clavulanate or ceftriaxone or clindamycin (for H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis)

Question 42

Otitis Externa (OE) treatment for 6-12 month old

Answer 42

Ciprofloxacin 0.3% plus dexamethasone 0.1% 4 drops Q 12hr

Question 43

OE treatment

Answer 43

Ciprofloxacin w/hydrocortisone or dexamethasone drops can be given to pts w/or w/o TM perforation

Question 44

OE treatment for pts 1yr and older

Answer 44

Ofloxacin otic 0.3% 5 drops BID

Question 45

Treating OE in pts with comorbidities

Answer 45

Oral ciprofloxacin or cephalexin for pts under the age of 18 yrs

Question 46

Treatment regimen for Otomycosis

Answer 46

Acidifying drops (2% acetic acid solution) 3-4 times daily x one week if treatment fails add 1% clotrimazole apply daily x 7 days

Question 47

Carbamide peroxide- what is it used for

Answer 47

Carbamide peroxide 6.5%otic solution (Debrox) is used for removal of cerumen in cases of excessive buildup. NOT recommended for children

Question 48

SEs of Carbamide peroxide

Answer 48

hypersensitivity and erythema

Question 49

Contraindications for carbamide peroxide

Answer 49

Contraindicated in pts with perforated TM or ear discharge. Use w/caution in pts with dizziness

Question 50

Carbamide peroxide dose

Answer 50

5-10 drops BID X 4 days

Question 51

Recommend treatment for ear infections in pregnancy

Answer 51

Oral PCNs and cephalosporins

Question 52

Treating OE infections in adults w/comorbidities

Answer 52

Oral Cipro