Week 5-7

Question 1

Give an example: Nominal level of measurement

Answer 1

Ethnic group- Chinese

Gender- male, female

Question 2

Give an example: Ordinal level of measurement

Answer 2

University grades- pass, credit, D, HD

T-shirts- S, M, L, XL

Question 3

Give an example: Interval/Discrete level of measurement

Answer 3

IQ scores

Temperature

Question 4

Give an example: Ratio/Continuous level of measurement

Answer 4

Height

Question 5

Give an example: Categorical Data

Answer 5

Nominal and Ordinal

Question 6

Give an example: Continuous data

Answer 6

Interval and Ratio

Question 7

Explain: Nominal level of measurement

Answer 7

classifies objects or events into discrete categories not measured or ordered

Question 8

Explain: Ordinal level of measurement

Answer 8

shows relative ranking of objects or events in hierarchical order

Question 9

Explain: Interval/ Discrete level of measurement

Answer 9

differences between scores or measures treated as equal—zero is arbitrary

Question 10

Explain: Ratio/Continuous level of measurement

Answer 10

shows ranking of events or objects on scales with equal intervals and absolute zero; the zero point makes the ratio of scale values meaningful

Question 11

Descriptive Results/Statistics

Name the 3 ways data is described?

Answer 11

1) By measures of central tendency (mean, mode, median)
2) By measures of dispersion (variabiltiy)
3) By measures of association (frequency)

Question 12

What are the 3 measures of Central Tendency?

Answer 12

Mean- average
Median- middle score (divided scores are equal halves)
Mode- score that occurs the most

Question 13

Define: Statistics

Answer 13

are a way of organising and making sense of data obtained by measurement

Question 14

Explain: Descriptive Statistics

Answer 14

allow us to describe our sample in a comprehensive way without drawing any statistical inferences from the data

Question 15

Explain: Inferential Statistics

Answer 15

Provides procedures to draw inferences about a population from a sample
e.g. deciding whether the data collected shows differences and patterns (parametric and non parametric)

Question 16

Define: Measures of Central Tendency

Answer 16

A single central score that can be used to describe the centre of a distribution of scores

Question 17

Define: Variability (dispersion)

Answer 17

is concerned with the spread of the data

Common measures are

• Range
• Variance
• Standard deviation

Question 18

Measures of Variability

Define: Range

Answer 18

simplest and most unstable measure of variability

Question 19

Measures of Variability

Define: Variance

Answer 19

permits mathematical manipulation of different scores and includes every score in the distribution

Question 20

Measures of Variability

Define: Standard Deviation

Answer 20

the most frequently used measure based on the concept of the normal curve

Question 21

Explain: Inferential statistics

Answer 21

Inferential statistics enable inferences and conclusions to be drawn from the data

• is based on probability theory and permits the generalisation from a specific sample, or samples, to the entire population

Question 22

If research results are Inferential, the results are about what 2 types of significance?

Answer 22

Statistical significance

Clinical significance

Question 23

Define: p-value

Answer 23

probability due to chance
p=0.05

• In simpler terms if p<0.05 there is a 95% chance that the result was due to the experiment OR alternately, there is a 5% chance that it was merely coincidence.

Question 24

What is the common measure of variability used for estimation?

Answer 24

the Confidence Interval

Question 25

Explain: Confidence interval

Answer 25

CI gives the range in which the true value is likely to be - the 95% suggests the degree of certainty of the estimation

Question 26

What is Clinical Significance?

Answer 26

is when the treatment effect (confidence interval) is equal or more than the MID (minimal important difference)

Question 27

Qualitative Research Explain: Phenomenology

Answer 27

Focuses on peoples lived experiences (their interpretations and understanding in their everyday life) - Can be descriptive and interpretive

Question 28

Qualitative Research Designs Explain: Ethnography

Answer 28

Is the study of cultures and subcultures | - the beliefs, values, language and attitudes that influence the behaviour patterns of a specific group of people

Question 29

Qualitative Research Design What are the features of Ethnography

Answer 29

Focuses on group behaviours, interactions and art if acts | - uses a variety of data sources but must inc. interview and participant observation- fieldwork

Question 30

Qualitative Research Design Explain: Grounded Theory

Answer 30

Often used when the topic is about change or nature of findings are unclear - flexible and exploratory - generates questions along the way

Question 31

Quantitative Research What are the 4 types Non-probability Sampling

Answer 31

Convenience sampling Purposive sampling Snowball sampling Theoretical sampling

Question 32

Quantitative Research- Non-probability sampling Explain: Convenience sampling

Answer 32

Participants are chosen for ease of access (because its convenient)

Question 33

Quantitative Research- Non-probability sampling Explain: Purposive sampling

Answer 33

Participants are chosen because of relevance to the research question

Question 34

Quantitative Research- Non-probability sampling Explain: Snowball sampling

Answer 34

This relies on participant referrals

Question 35

Quantitative Research- Non-probability sampling Explain: Theoretical sampling

Answer 35

Used for theory and concept development

Question 36

What is the rule of thumb for sample sizes in the various Qualitative studies

Answer 36

Biography/case study- 1 person/case Phenomenology- 10-15 people Grounded theory/ethnography- 20-30 people Focus groups- 5-10 people in each group

Question 37

Define: Statistical power

Answer 37

refers to whether the sample size is large enough to detect a treatment effect

Question 38

Define: Likert scale

Answer 38

is an exmaple of a fixed response format used to determine participants attitude or opinion. Eg. questionnaire with answers as statement so agree to disagree

Question 39

Explain: T-test

Answer 39

independent groups t-test tests for differences in mean outcome between two mutually exclusive groups

Question 40

Explain: Chi-square

Answer 40

is a non-parametric statistic that is used to determine whether the frequency in each category under study is different from what would be expected if there was no association between the categories

Question 41

Define: Data saturation

Answer 41

The point at which data collection ceases, and you do not have any more new information, information gathered has become repetitive.

Question 42

What is the 4 criteria for assessing the trustworthiness of Qualitative studies

Answer 42

Credibility- truth of findings Auditability- accountability as judged by the adequacy of information Fittingness- faithfulness to everyday reallity of the participants Confirmability- findings that reflect implementation of all 3 criteria