Week 5 Flashcards
1
Q
What does the occipitofrontalis consist of?
A
Paired frontal and occipital bellies separated by a single fibrous sheet.
2
Q
What is the name of the sheet that separates the paired frontal and occipital bellies of the occipitofrontalis?
A
Epicranial aponeurosis
3
Q
Where is the corregator spercilii in relation to the frontalis and orbicularis oculi?
A
Deep
4
Q
What muscles are responsible for frowning?
A
- Corregator supercilii
- Occipitofrontalis
- Orbicularis oculi
5
Q
Where is the orbicularis oculi in relation to the eyes?
A
It circles the eyes
6
Q
What is the orbicularis oculi responsible for functionally?
A
- Closes eye
2. Directs tear flow
7
Q
What can occur if the orbicularis oculi is paralysed?
A
- Prevents eye closure - dry cornea
- Lower eyelids falls down
- Tears run out and dirt comes in
8
Q
What is the muscle that is responsible for lifting the upper eyelid?
A
Levator palpebrae sperioris
9
Q
What are the muscles of the nose? (3)
A
- Procerus
- Nasalis
- Levator labii superioris alaquae nasae
10
Q
What is the modiolis? Where does it extend?
A
- Fibromuscular structure
2. Extends from skin to mucosa
11
Q
What is the function of the modiolis?
A
It is an anchoring point for muscles which move corners of mouth and adjacent structures.
12
Q
What are the 7 muscles that insert into the modiolis?
A
- Zygomaticus major
- Levator anguli oris
- Buccinator
- Platysma
- Depressor anguli oris
- Orbicularis oris
- Risorius
13
Q
What is the function of the zygomaticus major and levator anguli oris?
A
Elevates corner of the mouth
14
Q
Where is the levator anguli oris located in relation to the facial vein and z. minor?
A
Deep
15
Q
Where is the buccinator located?
A
It arises on the outer surfaces of the maxilla and mandible (over molars) and pterygomandibular raphe to attach to modiolis.
16
Q
What is the function of the buccinator?
A
Draw in/position cheeks, direct food over molars
17
Q
Where is the platysma located?
A
Body of mandible, modiolis and modiolar muscles to skin over pectoralis
18
Q
What is the function of the platysma?
A
Has little function but can depress lower lip and corners of the mouth
19
Q
What is the function of the depressor anguli oris?
A
Draws the corners of the mouth down
20
Q
Where is the orbicularis oris located? What converges on it?
A
- Sphincter of mouth, modiolis to modiolis
2. Other muscles e.g. buccinator converge on it
21
Q
The orbicularis oris has no direct bony attachments. True or False?
A
True.
22
Q
Where are some of the fibres of the orbicularis oris derived from?
A
Buccinator
23
Q
What happens when the orbicularis oris is paralysed?
A
- Can’t close mouth
2. Lips pulled toward normal side
24
Q
What is the function of the risorius?
A
Moves corner of the mouth
25
What are the muscles responsible for moving the lip up?
1. Levator labii superioris
2. Levator labii superoris alaque nasi
3. Zygomaticus minor
26
Where is the levator labii superioris located? What is its specific function?
1. Deep
| 2. Raises upper lip
27
What is the specific function of the levator labii superoris alaque nasi?
1. Raises upper lip
| 2. Dilates nostrils
28
What is the specific function of the zygomaticus minor?
Raises upper lip
29
What muscles are responsible for pulling the lip down?
1. Depressor labii inferioris
| 2. Mentalis
30
Where is the depressor labii inferioris located? What is its specific function?
1. Situated medial to depressor anguli oris
| 2. Moves lower lip down
31
What is the function of the mentalis?
Raises base of lower lip - protrusion and eversion
32
How do we identify the levator labii superioris alaque nasi?
By the 2 heads - one to nostril and one into upper lip. They arise beneath the orbicularis oris.
33
How do we identify the levator labii superioris?
Deep and lateral to levator labii superioris alaque nasi. The two muscles converge inferiorly.
34
How do we identify the levator anguli oris?
Very deep, lateral to levator labii superioris, deep to zygomaticus minor.
35
How do we differentiate the position of the z. major with z. minor?
1. Z. major is lager and more later than Z. minor.
2. Both blend with orbicularis oris BUT Z. major goes to the corner of the mouth, whereas, Z. minor goes to upper lip lateral to levator labii superioris and levator labii superioris alaque nasi.
36
Where does the mentalis muscles arise and how are the fibres oriented?
1. Mentalis arises at the tip of the chin
| 2. The fibres fans laterally and upwards
37
Where does the depressor labii inferioris arise and how are the fibres oriented?
Arises laterally and converges medially and upward to blend with the orbicularis oris
38
How can we identify the buccinator?
Identify by parotid duct which pierces muscle before passing into vestibule of oral cavity.
39
What is the pterygomandibular raphe attached to?
Mandible and maxilla
40
Where is the pterygomandibular raphe located? What is its appearance?
Inside oral cavity as a thin tight ridge running vertically from upper back to lower back molar
41
What direction are the fibres of the risorius orientated?
Horizontal
42
What are the five layers of the scalp?
1. Skin
2. Superficial fascia
3. Epicranial aponeurosis
4. Loose fascia/lax aveolar tissue
5. Periosteum
43
Where is the superficial fascia comprised of?
1. Loculated fat
| 2. Highly vascular
44
What is the epicranial aponeurosis?
Tendon connecting frontal and occipital bellies of occipitofrontalis
45
What does the epicranial aponeurosis attach to?
Temporal and superior nuchal lines
46
If the occipitofrontalis does not attach to bone where does it attach?
Skin
47
What are the characteristics of the loose fascia?
Relatively avascular but crossed by emissary veins
48
What does the motor innervation of fascial muscles?
Cutaneous branches of the facial nerve
49
What does the sensory innervation of the face?
Cutaneous branches of the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve
50
What is the parotid gland?
A lobulated extrinsic salivary gland
51
Where is the parotid gland located in relation to other structures?
1. Lateral to ramus and masseter
| 2. Between mandible and SCM
52
What structures are located medial to the parotid gland? What are these structures separated by?
1. Internal jugular
2. Internal carotid
3. Vagus
Styloid muscles
53
What is the parotid capsule derived from?
Deep cervical fascia
54
What is the parotid capsule attached to?
1. Zygomatic arch
2. Mandible
3. Styloid process
4. Tympanic plate
55
What two structures forms the stylomandibular ligament?
1. The part of the capsule which is attached to the styloid process
2. Angle of mandible
56
What is the nerve supply to the parotid gland?
1. Parasympathetic fibres from glossopharangeal hitchhiking on auriculotemporal nerve (branch of V/3)
2. Sympathetic from external carotid plexus
3. Sensory innervation is from greater auricular branch of the cervical plexus (superficial and inferior parts of the gland) and auriculotemporal nerves (deep and superior parts)
57
What is the parotid gland's arterial supply?
1. Posterior auricular artery
2. Superficial temporal
3. Transverse facial
58
What veins drain the parotid gland?
Venous drainage of the retromandibular vein
59
What vessels pass through the parotid gland?
1. External carotid
2. Retromandibular vein
3. Facial nerve
60
Where do the ducts of the parotid gland leave?
Leaves anterior border of gland, often associated with accessory parotid gland.
61
Where do the ducts of the parotid gland travel>
1. The duct crosses superficial surface of masseter
2. Pierces upper buccinator
3. To empty into vestibule of oral cavity above second upper molar
62
What is the second upper molar marked by?
Parotid papilla
63
What is the duct of the parotid gland made of?
Thick fibromusclar wall, lined with columnar epithelium
64
What are the deepest structures of the parotid gland?
The external carotid enters posteromedial surface of the parotid, divides within the gland to form maxillary artery which emerges anteromedially and super temporal which gives off transverse facial artery and then emerges from superior surface of parotid. Posterior auricular artery may also arise within parotid.
65
What are the intermediate structures of the parotid gland?
Superficial temporal and maxillary veins accompany arteries into parotid to form retromandibular vein. This divides in parotid into anterior and posterior branches
66
What are the superficial structures of the parotid gland?
Facial nerve - divides in parotid into cutaneous branches. Facial nerve does not innervate parotid
67
What are the two roots of the facial nerve?
A larger motor root and a smaller sensory root
68
Where do the two roots of the facial nerve arise?
From different nuclei in the pons
69
Where does the motor root of the facial nerve send fibres to?
Muscles in the middle ear (stapedius muscle) plus muscles in face, scalp, auricle, anterior neck
70
What carries sensory and parasympathetic fibres in the facial nerve?
Smaller sensory root (nervus intermedius)
71
What characteristics do the parasympathetic fibres of the facial nerve have?
They are secretomotor - involved in glands producing secretion to submandibular, sublingual and lacrimal glands of palate and nasal mucosa
72
Where does the facial nerve initially travel?
With the vestibulocochlear nerve with the small nervus intermedius (part of the facial nerve) in a groove between them.
73
What does the facial nerve, nervus intermedius and vestibulococchlear nerve enter?
Internal acoustic meatus
74
Where does the facial nerve separate from the vestibulococchlear nerve? Where does it enter after this separation?
In the meatus.
| Enters facial canal which passes in the horizontal plane above the vestibule of the inner ear.
75
What happens after it enters the meatus?
It bends and passes vertically down the medial wall of the middle ear.
76
What is located at the bend?
Geniculate ganglion (sensory ganglion)
77
What fibres have their cell bodies in the geniculate ganglion?
Sensory fibres of the facial nerve
78
What do the sensory fibres that have cell bodies in the geniculate ganglion include?
1. Taste fibres from chorda tympani (special)
2. Taste fibres from soft palate (special)
3. Cutaneous sensory fibres (from skin of ear) general sensation
79
What passes through the ganglion without synapsing?
Parasympathetic fibres
80
Where do some of the parasympathetic fibres branch off the facial nerve? What do they become?
At the geniculate ganglion as the greater petrosal nerve
81
Where does the greater petrosal nerve go?
To the pterygopalatine ganglion
82
What does the greater petrosal nerve carry?
Taste fibres from the soft palate.
83
What does the vertical part of the facial nerve within bony facial canal give off?
1. Motor stapedius nerve
2. Sensory chorda tympani
3. Sensory auricular branch
84
Where does the sensory chorda tympani leave the facial nerve?
Leaves facial nerve about 5mm above stylomastoid foramen.
85
Where does the sensory chorda tympani travel after leaving the facial nerve?
Arches upwards across posterior wall of middle ear, across upper part of tympanic membrane, then into bone again and down to emerge through the PETROTYMPANIC FISSURE to join the lingual nerve deep to the lateral pterygoid muscle.
86
Apart from taste what else is the chorda tympani involved in?
It carrie the remainder of the facial parasympathetic fibres to the submandibular ganglion
87
Where does the sensory auricular branch extend?
To some of the skin of the external acoustic meatus and external ear
88
Where does the facial nerve emerge from the skull?
At the stylomastoid foramen
89
After emerging from the stylomastoid foramen what does the facial nerve do?
It curves medially to give off:
1. Posterior auricular nerve
2. Small branches to posterior belly of digastric and stylohyoid
90
Where does the posterior auricular nerve extend?
To occipital belly of occipitofrontalis, runs between auricle and mastoid process
91
After curving medially where does the facial nerve enter?
Enters posterolateral parotid, divides in gland to form cutaneous branches to the muscles of facial expression
92
What are the cutaneous branches responsible for?
Motor to muscles of facial expression
93
What are the cutaneous branches?
1. Temporal
2. Zygomatic
3. Buccal
4. Marginal Mandibular
5. Cervical
94
What do the temporal branches supply?
1. Occipitofrontalis
2. Orbicularis oculi
3. Corregator supercilii
95
What do the zygomatic branches supply?
Orbicularis oculi
96
What do the buccal branches supply?
Supplies face between orbicularis oculi and oral fissure:
1. z major and minor
2. Procerus
3. Nasalis
4. levator labii superioris alaque nasi
5. Levator labii superioris
6. Levator anguli oris
7. Buccinator
8. Orbicularis oris
97
What are the marginal mandibular branches responsible for?
Muscles of lower lip and chin of risorius
98
What are the cervical branches responsible for?
Platysma
