Week 5 Flashcards
(37 cards)
contrast effect
the evaluation of a stimulus contrasts away from another stimulus we see/hear at either the same time (a house and a palace next to each other) or subsequently (e.g. hand from cold to hot water)
broken windows theory
signs of disorder induce not only the same disorderly behavior, but also OTHER kinds of disorderly behavior
descriptive norm
what other people DO / think / believe
injunctive norm
what other people say you SHOULD do / think / believe
cross-norm inhibition effect
a norm violating behavior leads to other norm violating behaviors
spraying graffiti –> littering –> stealing for example
evaluative conditioning
a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly linked to an unconditioned stimulus, whose (positive) evaluation is then carried over to the conditioned stimulus
mere exposure effect
frequently seen or heard stimuli are viewed as more positively
the absence of negative consequences tells us the stimulus presents no danger (rooted in evolution)
priming
a stimulus primes a value/goal/attitude/action tendency in memory so that it becomes temporarily more salient. This primed concept is then used to evaluate the subsequent stimulus
automatic influences of the environment
- music
- smells
- contrast effect
- nudging
nudging
when the physical environment is altered in such a way that it influences behavior predictably
e.g. people automatically aim at the fly in the urinal
automatic influence
When people are aware of a stimulus, but unaware that this stimulus influences them. OR they are aware of the stimulus but that stimulus influences them automatically
conditioned stimulus
something that you want to change the evaluation of / you want to transfer a positive or negative evaluation to (e.g. a product)
unconditioned stimulus
something that we evaluate positively or negative which then is associated with its accompanying conditioned stimulus (e.g. nice music or a celeb)
semantic priming
When a word activated other words with similar meaning (e.g. a duck activated the names of other waterfowl such as swan or geese)
construal/conceptual priming
when words are used to color our subsequent interpretation of a situation/stimulus
goal priming
activating a goal by exposure to a prime that makes this goal more salient
e.g. when we prime ‘passing an exam’ –> we study harder for our exam
behavioral priming
activating a particular behavior by exposure to a prime that makes this behavior more likely (e.g. walking more slowly after being primed with stereotypes of old people)
associative priming
activating a concept by exposure to a prime that is closely related (and often associated) to it –> cats and …
(dogs)
subliminal priming
when a word or image is very briefly flashed on screen, so fast that the participant is unconscious of it BUT does process it in their memory
2 factors of environmental congruence
- Relevance –> does the music/smell make it EASIER to recognize and understand product or situation
- Expectation –> does the music/smell match our framework of knowledge about a situation/product
social norms
a shared and accepted way of thinking, feeling and behaving
2 functions of social conformity
- Informational function –> forming an accurate and correct picture of reality where other people’s opinions and behavior give us information on the correct way to behave
- Social function –> we want to live in a social environment that does not REJECT us, we want to gain approval
3 psychological goals of social norms (Cialdini)
- form a reliable and accurate picture of reality
- we want to live in a social environment that is supportive and shares our norms and values
- we want to create a positive self-image by conforming to what important others think we should do
pluralistic ignorance
a situation in which a majority of group members privately reject a norm, but incorrectly assume that most others accept it, and therefore go along with it
= incorrectly thinking that most people DISAGREE with you
