Week 5 - Cultural inclusiveness: safe cultures, healthy Indigenous people

Question 1

What is cultural heterogeneity (diversity)

Answer 1

Individual expressions of culture vary according to a person’s characteristics and experiences

Question 2

How can health care professionals be culturally inclusive?

Answer 2

By understanding the history and structural factors that have been part of a person’s experience, in the context of diversity within, and external to the group

Question 3

Define social capital

Answer 3

trust, reciprocity, participation and belonging

Question 4

Define cultural capital

Answer 4

the power and resource that help people maintain social capital in a way that values cultural understandings

Question 5

What is acculturation?

Answer 5

Where two cultural groups become integrated; or relatively similar

Question 6

What are the 4 different reactions to acculturation?

Answer 6

1) Assimilation - where one culture abandons their culture in favour of another
2) Integration - creative blending of two cultures
3) Rejection - the new culture replaces the heritage culture
4) Marginalisation - neither the new or the old culture are accepted

Question 7

When/where does cultural conflict occur?

Answer 7

where people are not committed to similar goals or ambitions, and where societal decision making is based on dissimilar principles and philosophies

Question 8

What is an extreme form of cultural conflict?

Answer 8

Radicalisation

Question 9

What is the result of cultural conflict at the community level?

Answer 9

The erosion of social and cultural capital by causing disharmony.
The withdrawal of members of society rather than a mutually supportive community

Question 10

What is cultural relativism

Answer 10

the acceptance of one another’s culture as a legitimate adaption off different peoples to various historical, natural, socio-economic and political environments

The centre of tolerance and social inclusiveness

Question 11

What is cultural safety?

Answer 11

The concept of exploring, reflecting on, and understanding one’s own culture and how it relates to other cultures with a a view towards promotion partnership, participation and cultural protection.

Cultural safety is judge by the other not by the self

Question 12

Describe the three steps of culturally safe practice

Answer 12

1) Acknowledge that the chair care relation is power laden, with the health care professional holding the majority of the power (cultural awareness)
2) Develop cultural sensitivity by reflecting on your impact on the ‘other’
3) Make a commitment to preserve and protect all cultures

Question 13

What is cultural awareness

Answer 13

Recognising the fact that any health care relationship is unique, power laden and culturally dyadic

Question 14

What is cultural sensitivity?

Answer 14

The process of engaging in self exploration of their own life experience and realities, and the impact this may have on others

Question 15

Describe a culturally competent health system

Answer 15

• Acknowledges diversity
• Provides culturally appropriate care
• Enables self-determination and reciprocity
• Holds governments and health planners accountable for meeting needs of all cultures
• Manages from culturally competent evidence base
• Recognises the need for culturally competent training

Question 16

What is multiculturalism?

Answer 16

people are in fact linked in many more ways than their replace divides them

Question 17

What is biculturalism

Answer 17

Two distinct cultures in some form of co-existence

Question 18

What is ethnocentrism?

Answer 18

the tendency to view the world through one’s own cultural filters, perceiving and interpreting others’ behaviours according to a personal belief system and set of behaviours

Question 19

What is xenophobia?

Answer 19

An aversion to the very notion of tolerating other cultures - fearing an despising those who differ

Question 20

What is racism?

Answer 20

A belief in the distinctiveness of human races, usually involving the idea that one’s birth-ascribed race or skin culture is superior to another

Question 21

Describe systematic bias

Answer 21

Allowing one group to dominate another through the predominate social order, where organisational and communication skills, financial resource and commitment of those involved in running a system are able to exclude others, making them dependent on the powerful group rather than allowing them full participation

Question 22

What is culture blindness

Answer 22

Where someone who believes they are working within an ethos of social justice develops universalism - an approach to health and social care where an individual proclaims to “treat everyone the same”

Question 23

3 examples of systematic bias

Answer 23

• benchmarking Indigenous health against non-Indigenous population norms
• Using a universal or ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach to health care
• Attributing needs to culture instead of structural and social determinants of health

Question 24

The most distinctive features of Indigenous cultures are in terms of health and wellbeing are:

Answer 24

A holistic, ecological, spiritual view of health an wellbeing.

Encompasses physical, mental, cultural and spiritual dimension of health, and the relationship between these and the environmental, idealogical, political , social and economic conditions

Question 25

Indigenous peoples relationship between Health and Place

Answer 25

the spiritual relationship with land is a metaphysical connection, covering all other inter-relationships

Question 26

What has been the impact of colonisation on Indigenous people?

Answer 26

displacement for the land by colonising invaders has disconnected Indigenous people from their environment, creating spiritual disharmony and ill health

Question 27

What is the gap in life expectancy for male and female Indigenous Australian?

Answer 27

Males - 11.5 years | Females - 9.7 years

Question 28

Why is the burden of illness worse for Indigenous people than non-Indigenous people?

Answer 28

- an unhealthy start to life - social disadvantage - greater exposure to diseases - lack of access to services

Question 29

Identify 7 structural and behavioural impediments to healthy lifestyles

Answer 29

1) Overcrowing 2) Lack of access to healthy foods 3) Few facilities for exercise, recreation 4) Few culturally appropriate support systems, sources of guidance 5) Judgemental attitudes 6) Low social capital 7) High rates of violence

Question 30

How can we prevent substance abuse in Indigenous communities?

Answer 30

Develop community-determined and community-managed strategies the build on family and community strengths to create a place where young people can develop identity, capacity and self-esteem

Question 31

Goals for indigenous health

Answer 31

- eliminate racism and discrimination - address the social determinants of disadvance - improve child and youth health - recognise the importance of Indigenous family and family networks - Promote public acceptance of the needs of Indigenous people - Improve mainstream services and programs - Recognise the impact of environmental degradation - Acknowledge the uniqueness of Indigenous systems of knowledge in caring for Country - health of Indigenous people as priority for health planning - support economic, social and cultural capital to foster self-determinism - intersectional collaboration - ensure cultural safety - enshrine diversity and cultural in the laws of social processing of the country

Question 32

What are the reasons for lower health status and shorter lifespan of Indigenous people?

Answer 32

- socio-economic disparities - deprivation - unequal treatment - racism and discrimination - unhealthy environments

Question 33

What are the social determinants of health?

Answer 33

- healthy child development - social support networks - education, literacy - Employment and working conditions - Social environments - Physical environments - Health practices, coping skills - Health services, resources - Gender, culture - Biology, genetic characteristics

Question 34

What is cultural safety?

Answer 34

Understanding one's own culture and how it relates to other cultures with a view to competing cultural protection

Question 35

What is cultural conflict?

Answer 35

People are not committed to similar goals or philosophies, and societal decision-making is based on dissimilar principles and philosophies

Question 36

What is culture?

Answer 36

Beliefs, values and knowledge that are inherited from one generation to another and that determine social behaviour

Question 37

What is cultural sensitivity

Answer 37

Being responsive to the way that an individual or groups cultural mores and lifestyle habits shape health and health behaviours

Question 38

What is cultural capital

Answer 38

The power and services that help people maintain social capital in a way that values cultural understanding

Question 39

What is culturally safe practice?

Answer 39

Acknowledges that the health care relationship is power-laden, with health care professionals holding the power

Question 40

What is cultural literacy?

Answer 40

Developed through openness to people's interpretation of their cultural identity and how their press ions of culture shape their behaviour

Question 41

What is cultural awareness?

Answer 41

Any health care relationship is unique, power-laden and culturally dyadic. Recognising that there is always the potential for the health provider to hold power over another person

Question 42

What are the 7 Close the Gap targets of the Closing the Gap strategy?

Answer 42

``` HEALTH 1. Improve child mortality rates targets 2. Improve life expectancy EDUCATION 3. Improve Year 12 attainment 4. Reading and numeracy target 5. Improve early childhood education 6. Improve school attendance EMPLOYMENT 7. Improve number of employed Indigenous people ```

Question 43

What social determinants of health are targeted by the Closing the Gap strategy?

Answer 43

Education, literacy, healthy child development, health practices, health service, culture and employment