Week 5 highlights Flashcards
Quantitative: List and describe 2 kinds of continuous data
1) Interval data: body temperature; a change in 1 degree in either direction is the same defined interval; 80 degrees F is not twice as hot as 40 degrees F
Ranked data with meaningful difference between numbers and no defined zero
2) Ratio data: body weight; a change in 1 pound in either direction is the same defined interval; 80 pounds weighs twice as much as 40 pounds
Interval data with defined zero
Give 2 kinds of discrete data (Quantitative)
1) Nominal data: dead or alive
2) Ordinal data: Likert-scales
-Ranked data
US population of 307,024,820 yields a mortality rate of _________ deaths per 100,000 population in the United States in 2009
793.8
Incidence and prevalence: ADA Standards of Care 2022
“The prevalence of ________________ therapy in hospitalized patients can approach 10%, and these medications can induce hyperglycemia in patients with and without antecedent diabetes.”
glucocorticoid
Differentiate sensitivity and specificity
Sensitivity (true positive rate)
Specificity (true negative rate)
Give the highlights of ADA Standards of Care (2022)
1) “…BMI cut points fall consistently between 23 and 24 kg/m2 (sensitivity of 80%) for nearly all Asian American subgroups (with levels slightly lower for Japanese Americans).”
2) “An argument can be made to push the BMI cut point to lower than 23 kg/m2 in favor of increased sensitivity; however, this would lead to an unacceptably low specificity (13.1%).”
Central limit theorem says what?
As you increase the population, you get closer to the true population parameter
One generally accepted rule of thumb is a sample size of at least _____ is sufficiently large as long as there are only moderate departures from the normal distribution.
30 (ppl)
What is a type 1 error? What do you look at?
Type I error (α)
Rejecting the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is true
P values
Define P values and describe
p-values
Probability of finding the results of the study (or more extreme results); assuming the null hypothesis is true
The smaller the p-value than the less likely the result occurred by random chance
The level of confidence for a given study is generally related to the type I error rate such that the confidence level is one minus the type I error rate, or 1 – α. Thus, a type I error rate of 0.05 (or 5%) leads to a 95% confidence level.
Describe type 2 errors? What do you look at?
1) Type II error (β): Failing to reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is false
2) Power: Probability of rejecting the null hypothesis given that the null hypothesis is actually false
Tells us the likelihood of being correct
Typical values for the type II error rate are 20% and 10%, which translate to power levels of 80% and 90%, respectively
Step 5 of trad. hypothesis testing: Draw a conclusion:
p-values: if less than ad hoc α, you would consider the results statistically _____________
significant
Inference: Significance:
Differentiate between statistical and clinical significance
1) Statistical: p-values
2) Clinical
-Will the results of a study change how you practice?
-A study can have statistical significance and no clinical significance
-A study cannot have clinical significance if it does not have statistical significance
-NNT and NNH are commonly considered in determining clinical significance
True or false: A study cannot have clinical significance if it does not have statistical significance
True
Describe the types of continuous data
Describe the types of discrete data
