WEEK 5: Lipid alterations and CV disorders

Question 1

what is the precursor molecule for hormones?

Answer 1

cholesterol

Question 2

where are lipoproteins found?

Answer 2

blood plasma

Question 3

function of lipoproteins?

Answer 3

Lipoproteins carry cholesterol and triglycerides to cells in the body

Question 4

lipoprotein structure?

Answer 4

outer layer - phospholipids, cholesterol, protein
neutral lipid core of cholesterol esters

Question 5

what happens to chylomicrons in the liver?

Answer 5

turned into VLDL and transport

Question 6

VLDL

Answer 6

made in liver
transports lipids to tissues

Question 7

LDL

Answer 7

carry cholesterol to tissues

Question 8

chylomicrons

Answer 8

v large v low density

Question 9

chylomicrons

Answer 9

v large v low density

Question 10

major classes of lipoproteins

Answer 10

chylomicrons
VLDL
LDL
HDL

Question 11

what is the composition of a low density lipid?

Answer 11

high fat percentage

Question 12

total cholesterol, healthy level

Answer 12

Levels below 200 mg/dL (5.2 mmol/L)

Question 13

LDL cholesterol, healthy level

Answer 13

Levels below 130 mg/dL (3.4 mmol/L)

Question 14

HDL cholesterol, healthy level?

Answer 14

Levels above 40 mg/dL (1 mmol/L) in men and above 50 mg/dL (1.3 mmol/L) in women

Question 15

why is a healthy level of cholesterol required?

Answer 15

HDL acts to scavenge extra cholesterol

Question 16

what is measured in a fasting lipid profile?

Answer 16

Total cholesterol, HDL, and triglycerides are measured

Question 17

what is the Friedewald formula?

Answer 17

[LDL-chol] = [Total chol] - [HDL-chol] - ([TG]/2.2) where all concentrations are given in mmol/L

Question 18

what are apolipoproteins?

Answer 18

Apolipoproteins are theproteincomponent of lipoproteins, complexes that transport lipids throughout the bloodstream.

Question 19

what are the 2 forms of apolipoprotein?

Answer 19

There are two forms of apolipoprotein B: apo B-100 and apo B-48

Question 20

where is apo B-100 made?

Answer 20

liver

Question 21

where is apo B-48 made?

Answer 21

intestines

Question 22

understand slide 13 !

Question 23

understand and be able to summarise slide 14!

Question 24

what does obesity aggravate?

Answer 24

dyslipidemia, hypertension, insulin resistance

Question 25

what is xanthelasmas?

Answer 25

a type of xanthoma, are raised, yellowish macules that typically appear around the medial canthus (inner corner of eye). Involvement can extend to the eyelids or skin immediately below the eye.

Question 26

what is xanthoma?

Answer 26

Xanthoma is a skin condition in which certain fats build up under the surface of the skin.

Question 27

what is lipemia retinalis?

Answer 27

Lipemia retinalis a condition in which lipemic blood causes opalescence of retinal arterioles.

Question 28

what is CVD?

Answer 28

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a general term for conditions affecting the heart or blood vessels.

Question 29

what are the 4 main types of CVDs?

Answer 29

- Coronary Heart Disease – angina, heart attack, heart - failure - Stroke and transient ischaemic attack (TIA) - Peripheral arterial disease - Aortic disease

Question 30

how many deaths are caused by CVDs?

Answer 30

>17 million deaths globally each year

Question 31

how can someone manage the risk of CVD?

Answer 31

- diet - replace saturated fats with complex carbs, monosaturated and polyunsaturated fats (vegetable and seafood). Increase fruit and veg intake - increase physical excerise - lower blood pressure - change behavioural risk factors, eg smoking

Question 32

what is thrombosis?

Answer 32

Thrombosis occurs when blood clots block veins or arteries

Question 33

what is atherosclerosis?

Answer 33

Atherosclerosis is the build up of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls. This build up is called plaque.

Question 34

dyslipidemia

Answer 34

abnormal lipoprotein levels (LDL and HDL) in association with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease

Question 35

hyperlipidemia

Answer 35

elevated blood lipid levels (total cholesterol,LDL, triglycerides)

Question 36

hypercholesterolemia

Answer 36

elevated total cholesterol

Question 37

how does adipose tissue link to cardiovascular disease?

Answer 37

slide 33

Question 38

how are adipoctyes different in obese tissue?

Answer 38

they produce pro-inflammatory adipokines, increase inflammation and oxidative stress

Question 39

slide 34

Question 40

what was the first adipokine discovered?

Answer 40

leptin

Question 41

what does leptin do?

Answer 41

It mainly decreases appetite, increases energy expenditure, and regulates glucose homeostasis independently of insulin action through hypothalamic and sympathetic signalling. 

Question 42

what is leptin?

Answer 42

Pro-inflammatory cytokine - activates monocytes, leukocytes, and macrophages to produce IL-6, TNFα, and IL-12

Question 43

what happens to leptin during obesity?

Answer 43

Leptin resistance develops. Leads to hyperleptinemia, which is a risk factor of coronary heart disease

Question 44

slide 37

Question 45

briefly describe the 4 stages of atherosclerosis

Answer 45

Stage 1: Endothelial damage and immune response Stage 2: Fatty streak Stage 3: Plaque growth Stage 4: Plaque rupture and thrombosis

Question 46

how does thromboplastin contribute to the formation of fibrin?

Answer 46

thromboplastin converts prothrombin to produce thrombin. Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin.

Question 47

what are the 2 types of thrombosis? What does the name depend on?

Answer 47

2 categories based on location: - Arterial thrombosis - Venous thrombosis

Question 48

what is a thrombus composed of?

Answer 48

- Fibrin - Platelets - Red blood cells - Leukocytes - Cholesterol crystals

Question 49

what is the best way to test for diabetes?

Answer 49

to test glycosylated hemoglobin levels

Question 50

how is acute myocardial infarction quickly diagnosed according to WHO?

Answer 50

chest pain ECG cardiac markers (enzymes)

Question 51

what is aspartate transaminase?

Answer 51

a cardiac marker that can indicate liver damage

Question 52

go over slide 48/49

Question 53

lactate dehydrogenase

Question 54

what is the function of lactate dehbhbhsjb

Answer 54

turns pyruvate into lactate and vice versa

Question 55

slide 50-64 all based on CK-MB