WEEK 6: Endocrine Control and Metabolic Processes

Question 1

what is the endocrine system?

Answer 1

Series of glands that synthesise and secrete hormones or chemical messengers

Question 2

what does positive feedback aim to do?

Answer 2

response sustains or enhances stimulus

Question 3

what does negative feedback aim to do?

Answer 3

response reduces stimulus

Question 4

what is the pituitary gland?

Answer 4

body’s ‘master gland’ – controls the activity of most other hormone-secreting glands/cells

Question 5

what regulates the pituitary gland?

Answer 5

hypothalamus

Question 6

what are steroid hormones derived from?

Answer 6

cholesterol

Question 7

what is the humoral mechanism?

Answer 7

hormones are released in response to changing levels of something like ions in the blood

Question 8

what is the hormonal mechanism?

Question 9

what is the neural mechanism?

Question 10

slide 8

Question 11

how does a water soluble hormone cell signal?

Answer 11

binds target cell receptors and induces cellular response

Question 12

how does a lipid soluble hormone cell signal?

Answer 12

diffuses into target cell/nucleus and binds target receptor - directly triggers cell response. Receptor enters nucleus and binds to (i) DNA binding protein or (ii) hormone response element in DNA

Question 13

what are the 3 types of hormone signalling?

Answer 13

endocrine, panacrine, autocrine

Question 14

what is endocrine signalling?

Answer 14

secreted hormones diffuse into blood and act on target cells anywhere in the body

Question 15

what is paracrine signalling?

Answer 15

secreted hormones diffuse locally and act on nearby cells

Question 16

what is autocrine signalling?

Answer 16

secreted hormones act on the same cell that produced it

Question 17

structure of the pituitary gland?

Answer 17

PG consists of two lobes – posterior and anterior

Question 18

what are neurohormones released by?

Answer 18

neuroendocrine cells

Question 19

slide 11 adm 12

Question 20

Anterior pituitary secretes multiple hormones that regulate which various cellular?

Answer 20

metabolism, osmoregulation, reproduction.

Question 21

what are tropic hormones?

Answer 21

they target other endocrine glands – regulate the activity of other endocrine glands – e.g. FSH and TSH

Question 22

what are non-tropic hormones?

Answer 22

they target non-endocrine cells - cellular growth, metabolism etc – e.g. prolactin and MSH

Question 23

slide 15??? dk if u need to know

Question 24

what cells produce insulin?

Answer 24

beta cells

Question 25

what cells produce glucagon?

Answer 25

alpha cells

Question 26

what does insulin do? (3)

Answer 26

Stimulates glucose uptake (e.g. GLUT4 translocation to plasma membrane of liver and muscle cells) Halts gluconeogenesis Promotes glycogenesis (conversion of glucose to glycogen)

Question 27

what does glucagon do? (4)

Answer 27

Stimulates glycogenolysis (conversion of glycogen to glucose) Promotes gluconeogenesis Reduces glucose consumption by the liver Promotes lipolysis