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Patho 2 > Week 5: Respiratory 1 > Flashcards

Week 5: Respiratory 1 Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of respiratory disorders?

A

Coughing
Dsypnea
Cyanosis
Clubbing
Pain
Cheyne Stokes breathing

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2
Q

What is hemoptysis?

A

Coughing up blood

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3
Q

What is Orthopnea? What could it be associated with?

A

Difficulty of breathing when changing positions

If lying down makes it worst could be associated with lung disorders that have a cardiac component

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4
Q

What’s the difference between central and peripheral cyanosis?

A

Central: everything is blue
Peripheral: Only extremities are blue

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5
Q

What causes clubbing in the fingertips?

A

Chronic cyanosis, common in people living with chronic respiratory failure

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6
Q

Is pain a common clinical manifestation?

A

No, the lungs don’t have pain receptors

Only common when the pleura is involved as it does have pain receptors

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7
Q

What causes cheyne stoke breathing?

A

CNS damage

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8
Q

Where does the airway start?

A

In the nasal cavity/nose

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9
Q

what are the 3 types of sinuses?

A

Frontal
Molar
Sigmoid/Phenoid

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10
Q

What does epiglottitis, croup and bronchiolitis have in common?

A

All upper respiratory disorders

Common in children causing upper airway obstruction

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11
Q

Epiglottitis

A

Inflammation of the pharynx and epiglottis, caused by children who have a bacterial throat infection

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12
Q

Croup

A

Bacterial infection that evolves very fast causing severe inflammation of the trachea (tracheitis) and blocks airflow

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13
Q

Bronchiolitis

A

Very viral, bronchioles don’t have cartilage causing them to close easily which causes wheezing in both lungs

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14
Q

What does Ectasis mean in Bronchiectasis?

A

Dilation

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15
Q

What happens when the bronchus is dilated in Bronchiectasis?

A

Causes turbulence in airflow

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16
Q

Why does the bronchus dilate? And how?

A

Dilates in segments due to weakening of the wall from chronic inflammation damaging the cartilage.

The segment will now be a site favoured by bacteria and fungi

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17
Q

What is a person with Bronchiectasis more prone to?

A

Recurrent infections due to not being able to clear mucus well, causing it to be trapped in the dilated walls

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18
Q

What is Asthma?

A

A type 1 hypersensitivity and a type of allergy

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19
Q

What causes the allergies in asthma?

A

production of IgE by mass cells or eosinophils

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20
Q

How does bronchial asthma occur?

A

When the antigen comes in it binds to the antibody and causes degranulation

It then releases the histamine mediator, causing vasodilation of the capillaries, increased mucus secretion, bronchial edema and inflammation

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21
Q

What’s the difference between bronchioles and bronchi?

A

Bronchioles can constrict but bronchi cannot due to its cartilage rings

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22
Q

What causes wheezing?

A

Bronchioles constrict tightly causing wheezing

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23
Q

What causes cystic fibrosis?

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A

A genetic defect in chloride channels

24
Q

What does the lungs look like in cystic fibrosis?

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A

Scarring inside the lungs that form cysts

25
What happens with the cysts in the lungs in cystic fibrosis?
The cysts have a white pattern around them, which are small cavities with scarring The cavities form because of inflammation and accumulation of secretions
26
What is the main problem in children that have cystic fibrosis?
They cannot clear their secretions as the mucus is very thick due to the channels not working
27
What is the order of what happens in cystic fibrosis?
1. Gene is mutated 2. Mucus is dehydrated and thick 3. Impaired mucus clearance occurs 4. Infections are favoured due to trapped mucus 5. Chronic inflammation 6. Causing bronchiectasis, then cavities
28
What else does the chloride channel affect?
Not only the lungs but also the exocrine glands as the channel is present in both
29
What organs are affected by the channel?
Any that has exocrine glands: Skin, Liver, Pancreas, Intestinal, and Reproductive (men infertility)
30
What increases respiratory ventilation?
When chemoreceptors get stimulated by CO2 or hydrogen ions
31
What are the 5 reasons a person have hypoxemia?
1. Altered oxygen content 2. Altered ventilation 3. Altered diffusion 4. Ventilation and perfusion alterations 5. Altered hemoglobin and oxygen
32
What happens in altered oxygen content and how does it cause hypoxemia?
If air is low in PO2 High altitudes will cause hypoxemia immediately
33
What happens in altered ventilation and how does it cause hypoxemia?
CNS alteration Chemorecptors won't regulate If brain stem is compressed even if there's high CO2 there's not fast breathing and person is put on ventilator
34
What happens in altered diffusion and how does it cause hypoxemia?
Diffusin happens in aveolar wall If interstitial space is thickened by edema/inflammation oxygen diffusion doesn't happen Hypoxemia can happen if there's any disease in alveolar wall
35
What happens in altered ventilation and perfusion and how does it cause hypoxemia?
If there's impaired ventilation the alveolus will not have air and blood won't come out oxygenated If impaired perfusion air will get in fine but blood will not get in causing a dead space
36
What happens in altered hemoglobin and oxygen and how does it cause hypoxemia?
Once oxygen gets into the blood it has to bind to hemoglobin After binding, they both get into the peripheral area and have to release (affinity) If pH is low, it has to hue fixed before saturation can go back up
37
What is pulmonary edema?
Accumulation of water in the alveolar wall, which will also fill the avelolar space as they are close
38
What is the pink staining in the alveoli and interstitial space?
It is actually supposed to be white and ready for air The pink staining will build up fluid and cause respiratory failure
39
What won't an area with pulmonary edema have?
Won't have gas diffusion which can cause death
40
What are the 3 causes of pulmonary edema?
Left venticular failure Acute respiratory distress syndrome Blockage of lymphatic vessels
41
How does left ventricular failure cause pulmonary edema?
The blood was supposed to come into the ventricle will be accumulated in the left atrium Pressure then gets increased in pulmonary veins Then blood that was supposed to be pumped by the lungs causing pulmonary edema
42
How does acute respiratory distress syndrome cause pulmonary edema?
Capillary endothelium injury Then increased capillary permeability which is bad because it'll allow movement of fluid into the interstitial space and alveoli
43
How does blockage of the lymphatic vessels can cause pulmonary edema?
Lymphedema occurs which is the inability to remove excess fluid from the interstitial space causing accumulation leading to edema
44
What is Atelectasis?
Collapse of the lungs and their unable to inflate
45
What causes Atelectasis?
Usually occurs due to an obstruction. Can also occur due to a lesion compressing
46
When is chest wall restriction more common?
Immobility and obesity
47
When does chest wall instability happens?
with trauma and fractures
48
what do the lungs need to be able to recoil and expand? And what happens without it?
Need to have an intact structure without it ventilation will be altered
49
What pressure are the lungs under and why?
always negative pressure to allow the lungs to expand
50
what happens if there is a wound in the lungs?
Negative pressure will disappear because the atmospheric air will get into the pleural cavity (Pneumothorax)
51
What can help fix a Pneumothorax?
An air trap connected with a chest tube will make the pleural cavity negative again
52
What are two types of Pneumothorax?
Open: air comes through and comes out a bit Tension: Air comes in but can't come out
53
What happens when a person breathes with a tension Pneumothorax?
It will trap more air causing an incredible mediastinal shift that may induce Atelectasis in the other other lung Can result in death
54
What is pleural effusion?
The presence of liquid in the pleural cavity
55
What are the 3 types?
Hydrothorax: water in cavity Empyema: Pus (inflamed exudate) Hemothorax: Blood
56
What is emphysema?
Structure of the lungs is weakened which may result in the lung rupturing
57
What is the difference between emphysema and a pneumothorax?
Empysema: damage to the lungs Pneumothorax: damage to Chest wall

Patho 2 (18 decks)

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