Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neuropsychology and Clinical Neuroscience > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

(80 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the 3 ways to divide progressive dementia?

A
  1. cortical dementia
  2. subcortical dementia
  3. mixed dementia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the most prevalent dementia in the population?

A

AD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Who is clinical evaluation of dementia usually done by?

A

Geriatrician, neurologist, medical practitioner. Clinical neuropsychologist opinions is essential.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

___ diagnosis is important in dementia

A

Early

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Information obtained to make a dementia diagnosis includes:

A
  • present history
  • past/social history
  • cognitive assessment
  • brain imaging
  • other medical testing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is one advantage of early diagnosis in dementing cognitions

A
  • provide a diagnostic answer and education for the patient and family
  • provide strategies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Instead of ‘dementia’, what is usually diagnosed according to the DSM 5?

A

neurocognitive disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the first diagnostic criteria in major neurocognitive disorder?

A

evidence of significant cognitive decline from a previous level of performance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the second diagnostic criteria in major neurocognitive disorder?

A

Impairment needs to interfere with independence in everyday activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the third diagnostic criteria in major neurocognitive disorder?

A

Cognitive deficits do not occur exclusively in the context of a delirium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the fourth diagnostic criteria in major neurocognitive disorder?

A

Cognitive deficits are not better explained by another rental disorder (e.g., MDD or schizophrenia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the next step in diagnosing major neurocognitive disorder?

A
  1. specify type of dementia
  2. specify with or without behavioural disturbance
  3. specify if it produces milk difficulties with instrumental activities of daily living
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is cortical dementia?

A

Characterised by preferential neuronal loss to cortical regions of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Involvement of the subcortical regions in dementia is rare, or if it does occur it occurs in:

A

late stages of the disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some risk factors for dementia in early life?

A

less education (7%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are some risk factors for dementia in midlife?

A
  • hearing loss
  • hypertension
  • alcohol
  • obesity
  • TBI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are some risk factors for dementia in later life?

A
  • smoking
  • depression
  • social isolation
  • diabetes
  • physical inactivity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Because of associated risk factors with dementia throughout life, what percentage of dementia is potentially modifiable?

A

40%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What percentage accounts for the risk unknown in dementia onset?

A

60%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Who first described Alzheimers disease?

A

Alois Alzheimer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do we refer to AD as today?

A

an irreversible cortical progressive dementia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What were the symptoms of the first ever AD patient?

A
  • hiding things
  • severe behaviour change
  • suspicious of husband
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

There is no single identifiable cause for AD. However:

A
  1. incidence increases with age (strongest predictor)

2. twice as many women develop AD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Average duration of AD is what?

A

8-10 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the mean age of sporadic AD?
mean age of onset of 80 years
26
Familial Alzheimer's is rare, but early onset AD at:
More than 50 years of age
27
What are the two key features of AD?
1. the disease target specific regions of the brain | 2. the disease targets structures which then sustain massive cell loss
28
Cortical atrophy in AD patients are more evident in:
frontal, temporal and parietal lobes
29
Cortical ___ results in ____ in AD patients:
thinning | ventricular enlargement
30
What are two histological markers of AD in the brain:
1. amyloid/senile plaques | 2. neurofibrillary tangles (TAU protein)
31
Neurofribillary tangles (as associated with AD) appear throughout the brain, but are disproportionately concentrated in which areas?
temporal parietal areas and hippocampal complex
32
Where are senile plaques (as involved in AD) mainly located?
most likely to concentrate in frontal and temporal regions of the brain and in the hippocampal complex
33
What are some signs and symptoms with the onset of AD?
- failing recent memory - depression and irritability - occasionally a seizure - one or more language problems - confusion when sudden disruption to work or social life occurs
34
As AD progresses, what happens to various cognitive symptoms?
- apraxias become increasingly prominent - agnosias become increasingly evident - disfluency becomes more apparent in speech - in end stage, neuropsychological functions can no longer be measured. Primitive reflexes reemerge.
35
The progression of AD resembles a ___ of development from ____. With __ being lost first and a progression to a ___ state.
reversal infancy to childhood higher level skills reflexive
36
In combination with cognitive changes, there are a range of ___ and ___ changes in AD patients
behavioural | personality
37
What are some behavioural and personality changes associated with AD?
- clinging to caregiver - poor self care - depression - wandering - agitation - suspiciousness and paranoia
38
Frontal lobe dementia typically affects which areas of the brain?
atrophy in the frontal and temporal lobes
39
The cerebellum and ___ are unaffected in frontal lobe demential patients.
brainstem
40
What are the two subtypes of frontotemporal dementia?
1. behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia | 2. primary progressive aphasia
41
What are the 2 different types of PPA?
- semantic dementia - logopenic aphasia - progressive non fluent aphasia
42
What are one of the first signs of frontal lobe dementia
silliness, socially disinhibited behaviour, poor judgemnet
43
What are the middle stages of frontal lobe dementia characterised by?
blunted affect, progressive apathy, significant cognitive function
44
What can we expect to see in the late stages of frontal lobe dementia?
mute and display motor rigidity. Typically ends in terminal vegetative state.
45
What is the typical disease duration of frontal lobe dementia?
2-17 years
46
Frontal lobe dementia affects what percentage of all cases of dementia?
12%
47
Huntingtons disease is a ____ dementia.
progressive subcortical
48
HD affects ___ people in 100, 000
5-10
49
Is there a known treatment or cure for HD?
no
50
What gene is HD linked to?
ITI5 on chromosome 4
51
Onset of HD symptoms usually when what age?
30-40
52
Survival is how many years following onset of symptoms?
10-20
53
HD is always what in terms of outcome?
fatal
54
Who first described HG?
George Huntington aged 22 years
55
HD is a hereditary condition, the only known autosomal dominant condition. What does this mean?
Affects 50% of children with one parent with the disorder
56
What is Huntingtons disease also called, Huntingtons Chorea?
symptoms of involuntary, spasmodic, often tortuous movements that ultimately become disabling.
57
On average, if one parent has the Huntingtons disease and one doesn't:
2 out of 4 children will get the disease
58
If one has the HD illele:
they WILL develop HD
59
Regarding the neuropathology of HD, primary neuropathological change is bilateral deterioration of the ___
caudate nucleus - deterioration of multiple systems involving white matter structures and areas of the cerebellum
60
The caudate nucleus is a component of the ____. It is involved in:
basal ganglia | timing, ordering, sequencing of movement patters
61
Caudate sends projections to and from the ___ and ___ areas of the brain.
Limbic | prefrontal
62
By the end of HD, what percentage of frontal lobe shrinkage volume is there?
20-30%
63
HD may also affect other areas of the basal ganglia such as:
putamen, areas of the striatum and other limbic structures.
64
What are some aspects of the cognitive profile in HD?
- eye movements - decreased attention span - memory deficits - deteriorating speech production - impaired visuo-spatial orientation - impaired behaviour regulation - planning and organisation deficits
65
What is the second largest type of dementia?
multi-infarct (vascular) dementia
66
Multi-infarct dementia results from:
Multiple infarction of brain tissue, from repeated strokes or blockages to blood vessels.
67
There are multiple ways that multi infarct dementia differs from AD. What are some of these?
- onset is acute and rapid - history of risk factors for stroke - better memory sometimes than AD - reduced verbal production - cognitive deficits precede personality changes - frontal compromise earlier
68
Vascular dementia is heterogenous. what does this mean?
The deficits depend on the location of damage
69
What is Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease?
- extremely rare - rapid and progressive - brain turns into a spongelike consistency, holes appear - present in sheep, cows, humans
70
In the Fore people of New Guinea (cannibals), how is Creutzfeldt Jakob disease transmitted?
tradition of eating their dead. Females and children typically eat the brains, injecting infectious diseases
71
What is sporadic CJD?
most common, occurs despite no risk factors being apparent
72
What is variant CJD (mad cow disease)
infection via tainted meat containing neural tissue
73
What is familial CJD?
extremely rare, only found in a handful of families, results in fatal insomnia
74
What is iatrogenic CJD?
transmitted via neural transplants, or other medical procedures
75
Why is CJD hard to identify?
- doesn't produce unusual symptoms - slow virus - camouflaged by cells
76
CJD targets the:
cerebellum as well as the cerebrum
77
Astrogliosis occurs as a ____ of the CJD not the ___
result | cause
78
Mertz identified CJD in sheep and found:
twisted sticklike fibres in cells using electron microscope. Unique to CJD
79
What are the hallmarks of CJD?
- uncoordinated movements - druken stagger - speech is slurred and inarticulate - victim cannot swallow and may die of starvation - visual function alters
80
Emotional and cognitive symptoms are seen in CJD are:
- mood disorders - fatigue - sleeping difficulties - attention and concentration problems

Neuropsychology and Clinical Neuroscience (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions