Week 6 Flashcards
Social Ecological Model - Bronfenbrenner (1979)
Behaviours or activities take place within ‘contexts’ or ‘environments’ and need to be considered in context. Cannot influence people without considering their environments.
Social Ecological Model - Stokols (1992)
- Actions in one sphere can influence those in other spheres
- The multidimensional aspects and complexity of people’s environments must be acknowledged
- Individuals can be studied at different levels
- Individuals + environments are ‘cycle of mutual influence’
- Your actions in one context influence your actions in another; your environment determines your behavior
Social Ecological Model -
McLeroy 1988
- Intrapersonal/Individual: individual characteristics that influence behaviour (knowledge, attitudes, beliefs)
- Interpersonal: primary groups (family, friends, peers) that provide social identity, support, role definition
- Organizational/institutional: rules, regulations, formal and informal structures which may constrain or promote behaviours
- Community: Social networks and norms or standards around behaviours
- Built Environment: built environment that can constrain or promote behaviours, make some actions more likely
- Public Policy: policies or laws that regulate or support healthy actions
- Natural environment: Topography, climate, wildlife
Critiques of Social Ecological Model
- various spheres dont equally impact behavior; some more than others
limited ability to explain or predict changes in behaviour - Any ‘construct’ can fit within a sphere so no concise list of ‘variables
Salutogenic Theory (Antonovsky 1996) - focus
Focus on ‘health-enhancing’ (salutogenic orientation) rather than risk factors for disease (pathogenic orientation). Direct our attention to resources and assets of the individual (general resistance resources [GRR]). GRR determine capacity to create health and not just reduce disease. Health is continuous movement along continuum between good health (wellness) and ill health (sickness).
Salutogenic Theory - critiques
- Less easily linked to specific behaviours or actions
- Some evidence that one’s sense of coherence increase with age/over time and less in response to specific situations
Salutogenic Theory (Antonovsky 1996) - main concepts
2 main concepts:
- Generalized resistance resources (GRRs) that help to cope with and manage life, create meaning, make sense of the world –> GRRs lead to Strong Sense of Coherence (SOC)
- SOC results in seeing the world as comprehensible, manageable, meaningful – leads to empowering relationships and meaningful pursuits
Settings approach (WHO 1980s) - definition, why use it, example
Definition
- It is in the settings of our daily lives where health/illness is produced that we need to implement the actions proposed in Ottawa Charter
Settings approach has been applied to cities, schools, workplaces, healthcare, and virtual settings
Why use settings approach?
- shaping our settings can help solve health related problems
- Physical boundaries
- Membership boundaries
- Organizational boundaries
Example
urban settings: 1/3rd of global burden of health is due to environmental factors. urban settings (ie cities) have the greatest disparity and inequality.
Stakeholder Wheel =
A model to understand who needs to be engaged for successful change
Components of stakeholder wheel
- Core: At the centre of the intended action, or actively involved in the implementation
- Involved: Will need to be frequently consulted or involved in planning and implementation
- Supportive: Provide some form of support such as facilitating access or sharing particular expertise
- Peripheral: Need to be kept informed
Theories of behaviour change
- Range from highly focused on individual behaviour to considering individual with ‘external’ influences
- Theories that incorporate physical activity with expected outcomes are justified
Ecological theories
- Focus on environmental factors or settings
where health is produced - specific behaviours can be hard to explain
- make the healthiest choice the easiest choice
