week 6 Flashcards by Sharanya Das

Metabolism

catabolism+anabolism

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catabolism

uses energy to break down

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anabolism

requires energy to grow and build

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Metabolic requirements for all cells on earth - 4

Water
Free energy
Reducing power
Precursors for metabolites

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purpose of Water

to carry out reactions

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Free energy

(energy required to do work)

Predominant molecule involved in free energy is ATP

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Reducing power

generates free energy and necessary for some biosynthetic reactions

source of electrons

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Precursors for metabolites

for biosynthesis

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ATP has high or low energy

ATP has high energy

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what happens when terminal phosphate is hydrolyzed

ADP+Pi+energy

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Converting ADP + Pi to ATP can be done through (5)

Aerobic respiration 
Anaerobic respiration 
Fermentation 
Phototrophy
Chemolithotrophy

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ATP hydrolysis to ADP + Pi can be done through

Chemical work
Transport work
Mechanical work

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what makes atp directly on substrate level phosphorylation

Energy rich bond on substrate makes ATP directly

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substrate level phosphorylation

formula

Acetly-S-CoA + H2O + ADP + Pi -> acetate- + HS-CoA + ATP + H+

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high energy bond in substrate level phosphorylation

Acetyl-S

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what powers atp synthase in Oxidative phosphorylation

what powers the force

Proton motive force powers ATP synthase

Proton motive force is generated by transfer of electrons

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Oxidative phosphorylation efficiency

most efficient

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what force powers atp synthase in Photophosphorylation

how is force generated

Proton motive force powers ATP synthase

Proton motive force is generated by light energy

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reduction

oxidation

OIL RIG

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Gaining more double bond

oxidation

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Electron donor is ___

Electron acceptor is ___

reduced

oxidized

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When transferring e-, you ___ the donor and ___ the accepter

When transferring e-, you oxidize the donor (lose e-) and reduce the accepter (gain e-)

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Reduction potential

How badly a molecule wants electrons

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Higher ___ gives e- to lower ___ in a favourable reaction

Higher reduced gives e- to lower oxidized in a favourable reaction

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The further apart two things are, the ___ energy is released

delta G0’ is negative:

reaction produces energy (catabolism) | which cell captures to do other things with

delta G0’ is positive

reaction requires energy (anabolism); energy level of products is higher than reactants

why do reactions have activation energy

reactions aren't spontaneous have to break bonds and form bonds

energy is captured in the form of

Gaining/losing e- can result in ___ ___, which can be conserved and used to form ___

Gaining/losing e- can result in energy release, which can be conserved and used to form ATP

energy rich molecules have more

specialized energy carriers (4x2)

NAD+/NADH FAD/FADH2 Ubiquinone/Ubiquinol Fe2+/Fe3+

NAD can accept

a proton and two e-

hydride

1 p+ + 2e-

hydride transfer in relation to nad+

2p+ + 2e- convert NAD+ to NADH + p+

NAD/NADH is used in catabolic/anabolic reactions to capture energy from breaking things down

catabolic

NADP is used in catabolic/anabolic reactions

anabolic

where is fad+/fmn+ bound | is it freely swimming in cytosol?

Bound to proteins (cofactor) Not free swimming in cytosol

Oxidized FMN accepts ___ and ___; goes from no ___ in FMN to having two ___ in FMNH2

Oxidized FMN accepts e- and p+; goes from no protons in FMN to having two p+ in FMNH2

Coenzyme Q aka

(ubiquinone)

where is Coenzyme Q found and why

found in membrane | lipid-linked; hydrophobic

ubiquinone reduced is called

ubiquinol

Oxidized ubiquinone requires __e- and __H+ to form fully reduced structure

Oxidized ubiquinone requires 2e- and 2H+ to form fully reduced structure

``` fe2+ = oxidized/reduced Fe3+ = oxidized/reduced ```

``` fe2+ = oxidized Fe3+ = reduced ```

Iron can be found in heme as

Iron Found in iron-sulfur clusters attached to

cysteine residues

what secondary protein structure is found in membrane of Mitochondrial respiratory complex

alpha helices

where is fad+ in Mitochondrial respiratory complex

Central part of protein complex that sits in cytoplasm

what process is central part of Mitochondrial respiratory complex involved in, what does it convert and where does it pass it to

citric acid cycle | Converts FAD+ -> FADH2 Picks up p+ and e- and passes it to iron sulfur clusters within protein

what part of Mitochondrial respiratory complex collects e-

Iron and Heme

where does heme transfer e to and where is this structure located

Heme transfers e- to ubiquinone (ubiquinone is in membrane again) and transfers e- to next complex

enzyme activity is significantly impacted by (4)

- substrate concentration (reactants) - product concentration - pH - temperature

enzyme decrease Ea by (3)

Desolvation (loss of ordered water molecules) Hydrogen bonds Van der waals forces

does delta G0' change when using enzymes

function of enzyme catalyzed reactions

- increase concentrations of substrates at active site of enzyme - orient substrate properly with respect to each other in order to form the transition state complex

possible energy sources

chemical | light

e- donor = organic compound; inorganic compound

``` org = organo- inorg = litho- ```

C source organic compound; inorganic compound

``` org = hetero inorg = auto ```

majority of microorganisms known are

- photolithoautotrophs | - chemoorganoheterotrophs (most pathogens)

chemoorganotrophic fueling processes

- fermentation - oxidative phosphorylation - photophosphorylation

good thing about having metabolic flexibility based on environmental requirements,

provides distinct advantage if | environmental conditions change frequently

example of Photolithoautotroph: Photolithoheterotroph: Chemoorganoheterotroph: Chemolithoautotroph:

Photolithoautotroph: Cyanobacteria Photolithoheterotroph: Purple sulfur bacteria Chemoorganoheterotroph: E. coli Chemolithoautotroph: Methanobacteria

net reaction of glycolysis

Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP → 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP

functions of acetyl-CoA (6)

- carbohydrate metabolism - fatty acid metabolism - steroid synthesis - amino acid metabolism - acetylation (posttranslational modification) - carbon storage (beta-hydroxybutyrate)

result of citric acid cycle

1 acetyl CoA = 3 NADH + 1 ATP + 1 FADH

total ATP generated from beta-oxidation of one C16 chain

106 ATP

HSCoA

a carrier molecule, contains energy-rich bond

hydrocarbon degradation (4)

- monooxygenases makes the alcohol - requires oxygen - feeds into beta-oxidation pathway - important for bioremediation of oil spills