Week 6

Question 1

Skeletal Systems (3 Types)

Answer 1

1. Hydrostatic Skeletons
2. Exoskeletons
3. Endoskeletons

Question 2

What is Compact Bone?

Answer 2

The outer dense layer.
Mix of phosphate and collagen

Question 3

What is Spongey/Medullary Bone?

Answer 3

Forms epiphyses inside thick shell of bone
Porus

Question 4

What is Intramembranous Development?

Answer 4

Bones forming within a layer of connective tissue

Question 5

What is endochondral development?

Answer 5

Begins as a tiny cartilaginous model.

Question 6

The Four Basic Joint Movement Patterns

Answer 6

1. Ball and Socket
2. Hinge
3. Gliding
4. Combination

Question 7

Muscle fibers are bundles of…

Answer 7

elongated structures called myofibrils

Question 8

Myofilaments

Answer 8

A Bands - stacked thick and thin
I Bands - Only thin, in two halves because of Z line
Sarcomere - Distance between Z lines

Question 9

Thick and Thin Filaments

Answer 9

Thick - Several myosin (two polypeptide chains wrapped around each other).
Thin - Two chains of actin proteins in a helix

Question 10

Cross-Bridge Cycle

Answer 10

Hydrolysis of ATP by myosin activates head for power stroke
ADP and Pi are bound to head, which binds to actin to form a cross-bridge
During power stroke, myosin returns to normal shape, realsing ADP and Pi
ATP binds to head and releases actin

Question 11

Motor Unit

Answer 11

Motor neuron and all muscle fibers it innervates

Question 12

Slow-twitch muscle fibers

Answer 12

Type I Fibers

Question 13

Fast-twitch muscle fibers

Answer 13

Type II Fibers

Question 14

Appendicular Locomotion

Answer 14

Produced by appendages that oscillate

Question 15

Axial Locomotion

Answer 15

Produced by bodies that undulate, pulse, or undergo peristaltic waves

Question 16

(Three) Functions of circulating blood

Answer 16

1. Transportation
2. Regulations
3. Protection

Question 16

Blood plasma is

Answer 16

92% water
Carriers Ions, Nutrients, Wastes, Hormones, and Proteins

Question 17

Red Blood Cells are

Answer 17

Erythrocytes

Question 17

White Blood Cells are

Answer 17

Leukocytes

Question 18

Blood cell production is called

Answer 18

Hematopiesis

Question 19

Stem cells, two

Answer 19

Lymphocytes

Myeloid Stem Cell

Question 20

Fish hearts have ___ chambers

Answer 20

2

Question 21

Amphibians and Reptilians have ___ chambers

Answer 21

3

Question 22

Mammals, birds, and crocodilians have ____ heart chambers

Answer 22

4

Question 23

Heart valve pairs

Answer 23

Atrioventricular Semilunar

Question 24

Purkinje fibers in

Answer 24

the AV node

Question 25

Cardiac Output

Answer 25

The amount of the blood pumped with every heartbeat

Question 26

Baroreceptor Reflex

Answer 26

Negative feedback loop that responds to blood pressure

Question 27

Blood Pressure Regulating Hormones

Answer 27

Antidiuretic hormone Aldosterone Atrial natriuretic hormone Nitric oxide

Question 28

Artery and Vein tissue layers (four)

Answer 28

Endothelium, Elastic Fibers, Smooth Muscle, and Connective Tissue

Question 29

Gastrovacular Cavity

Answer 29

Where single celled organism digest food

Question 30

Muscosa

Answer 30

Innermost gastrointestinal

Question 31

Submuscosa

Answer 31

Connective tissue in gastro

Question 32

Muscularis

Answer 32

Circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers

Question 33

Serosa

Answer 33

Outermost layer in gastro

Question 34

Epithelial

Answer 34

Part of digestive, covered in villi

Question 35

Glycogenolysis

Answer 35

glucagon stimulates liver to break down glycogen to release glucose into blood

Question 36

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 36

liver converts other molecules into glucose if fasting continues

Question 37

Ingestion of food serves two primary functions

Answer 37

Source of energy Source of raw material

Question 38

Basal metabolic rate (B M R)

Answer 38

Minimal amount of energy consumed under defined resting conditions

Question 39

Ruminants have a

Answer 39

four-chambered stomach

Question 40

Foregut fermentation

Answer 40

Convergent evolution Modified lysozyme to take on new role of digesting bacteria in stomach Same 5 amino acids changed

Question 41

Coprophagy

Answer 41

Eating of feces, like a rabbit

Question 42

The three phases of respiration

Answer 42

External respiration (ventilation) - gas exchange between the animal and the environment Internal respiration - the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood Cellular respiration

Question 43

immobile opercula

Answer 43

Swim constantly to force water over gills.

Question 44

Swim constantly to force water over gills.

Answer 44

Swim constantly to force water over gills.

Question 45

Many amphibians use ______ for gas exchange

Answer 45

cutaneous respiration

Question 46

In terrestrial arthropods, the respiratory system consists of

Answer 46

air ducts called trachea, which branch into very small tracheoles

Question 47

760 mm Hg is defined

Answer 47

as one atmosphere (1.0 atm) of pressure

Question 48

Respiration in birds occurs in two cycles

Answer 48

Cycle 1 = Inhaled air is drawn from the trachea into posterior air sacs, and exhaled into the lungs Cycle 2 = Air is drawn from the lungs into anterior air sacs, and exhaled through the trachea

Question 49

Tidal volume

Answer 49

Volume of air moving in and out of lungs in a person at rest

Question 50

Vital capacity

Answer 50

Maximum amount of air that can be expired after a forceful inspiration

Question 51

Hypoventilation

Answer 51

Insufficient breathing Blood has abnormally high Pco2

Question 52

Hyperventilation

Answer 52

Excessive breathing Blood has abnormally low Pco2

Question 53

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (C O P D)

Answer 53

Refers to any disorder that obstructs airflow on a long-term basis Asthma Allergen triggers the release of histamine, causing intense constriction of the bronchi and sometimes suffocation