Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

M1 > week 6 > Flashcards

week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the subsections of non rem sleep 4

A

alpha
beta
theta
delta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what causes reduced breathing during sleep 4

A

reduced drive of breathing
reduced metabolic activity
increased airway resistance
decreased muscle tone of
intercostal muscles when lying down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

definition of obstructive sleep apnoea

A

cessation of airflow due to upper airway resistance and obstruction resulting in partial/complete collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

three components required in diagnosis of sleep apnoea, which of these is key

A

blood oxygen testing
home sleep apnoea
polysomnography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is assessed in polysomnography 7

A

EMG
EOG
EEG
Pulse oximetry
Abdominal bands
Airflow
Microphone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

mallampati score

A

evaluate the difficulty of incubation and severity of sleep apnoea based off the visibility of oral structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

acute social and lifestyle implications of sleep apnoea 4

A

day somnolence
headaches
cognitive impairement
partners affected by snoring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

chronic complications of sleep apnoea

A

pulmonary hypertension
CVD disease
uncontrolled hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

central sleep apnoea

A

complete cessation of airflow due to lack of control from brainstem respiratory centres

no breathing with no chest or abdominal effort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

causes of obstructive sleep apnoea

A

high BMI
large neck diameter
obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

causes of central sleep apnoea

A

heart failure, drugs, neuromuscular disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

4 forms of management for sleep disordered breathing

A

CPAP
mandibular splint
surgery
lifestyle modifications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

type 1 RF (def + reason why)

A

hypoxaemia
due to gas exchange failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

type 2 RF (def + reason why)

A

hypercapnia
due to pump ventilation failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

reasons for gas exchange failure 5

A

fluid in alveoli
alveolar collapse
alveolar damage
pulmonary vascular narrowing
airway narrowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

reasons for pulmonary ventilation failure 4

A

CNS depression
chest cage restriction
neuromuscular weakness
nerve dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what physiological responses from hypoxemia and hypercapnia 4

A

dyspnoea
tachypnoea
diaphoresis
accessory muscle usage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

hyopxic drive

A

innate mechanism to continue respiratory drive due to low oxygen levels, however as oxygen levels increased, increased offloading of co2 into the blood as a result of the haldane effect resulting in oxygen induced hyercapnia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

results of hypoxemia 3

A

hypoxia
lactic acidosis
organ damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

results of hypercapnia 3

A

cerebral dysfunction
cardiopulmonary effects
respiratory acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

hypercapnia compensatory mechanism in acid base balance maintenance

A

kidneys increase bicarbonate levels which absorb carbon dioxide

hence bicarbonate levels determine whether T2RF is chronic or acute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

treatment options for type 1 RF + type 2RF

A

oxygen therapy + controlled oxygen therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is non invasive ventilation?

A

BPAP machine which uses a higher positive pressure on inspiration and lower positive pressure on expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

types of oxygen therapy delivering methods

A

nasal specs aka nasal canula
CIG mask aka simple oxygen mask
high flow O2
non invasive ventilation aka BPAP
ECMO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ECMO
draws blood from the patient and oxygenates it blood outside the body and removes CO2
26
ABG
will test oxygen, carbon dixoxide, pH and bicarbonate levels to distinguish between type 1+2 RF
27
what is the ABG of asthma and COPD
hypoxaemia with likely hypercapnia
28
type 1 hypersensitivity reaction
allergen triggered IgE reaction
29
type 2 hypersensitivity reaction
iGg or iGm antibodies bind to cell surface causing cell destruction
30
type 3 hypersensitivity reaction
immune complex formation and deposition on tissues causing inflammation and destruction
31
type 4 hypersensitivity reaction
delayed t cell activation response
32
definition of atopy
genetic tendency to have an allergic immune response
33
definition of allergy
an adverse reaction to a foreign substance provoking an excessive response
34
role of environmental factors in atopic development
skews t helper cell levles to be overactive
35
role of genetic factors in atopic disease development
polymorphisms increase allergic risk
36
pathophysiology of atopic disease 6
allergen exposure t cell response cytokines release activation of b cells production of IgE antibodies triggers eosinophil action and mast cell degranulation
37
the different atopic disease (simple def) and the type of hypersensitivity reaction they are
asthma = chronic obstruction due to inflammation of the airways atopic dermatitis = chronic skin condition associated with dry, scaly patches allergic rhinitis = inflammation of the nasal mucosa all type 1
38
anaphylaxis symptoms 4
skin rashes hypotension upper airway obstruction and bronchosapsm severe gastro symtpoms incl abdo pain
39
acute bronchoconstriction pathways 2 (inflammatory mech and parasympathetic mech)
allergen->chemical mediators->bind to smooth muscle receptors->increase intracellualr calcium levels in muscle->smooth muscle contraction parasympathetic activation->acetylcholine release->binds to muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle
40
different theories of asthma (Try and explain each)
lung inflammation airway hyper-responsiveness airway remodelling mucous hypersecretion increased eosinophils/neutrophils in airway lumen
41
clinical symptoms asthma 4
wheezing cough worse at night and morning dyspnoea at night especially chest tightness
42
COPD pathomech 6
long term exposure to noxious particles resulting chronic inflammation of airways and lungs leading to progressive obstruction->conintinual particle exposure leads to continual inflammation, oxidative stress and progressive tissue damage
43
chronic bronchitis
chronic inflammation of bronchi resulting in hyper-secretion of mucus, cough and airway narrowing
44
emphysema
destruction of alveolar walls resulting in loss of elastic recoil
45
clinical features of COPD 5
cough w thick sputum dyspnoea worsens over time chest tightness cyanosis barrel chest
46
difference between COPD and asthma
Asthma: early onset, worse at morning and night, acute, wheeze, mainly unproductive cough COPD: late onset, no daily variation in worsen, chronic, productive cough, cyanosis and barrel chest
47
diagnosis of copd 4
history = chronic cough, dyspnoea, history of smoking examination = barrel chest pulmonary function test = spirometry CXR for hyperinflammation
48
pharmacological management in asthma
ICS->LABA+ICS and SABA for acute response ICS = reduces inflammation by supressing cytokines LABA and SABA = act on beta 2 receptors causing bronchodilation
49
pharmacological management in COPD
LAMA->LAMA/LABA>ICS LAMA and SAMA = short acting muscarinic antagonists block muscarinic receptors reducing bronchoconstriction
50
does sympathetic or paraymspathetic stimulation cause bronchodilation of bronchoconstriction
sympathetic causes bronchodilation parasympathetic causes bronchoconstruction
51
COPD team 3
respiratory physician physiotherapist nurse
52
preventers in asthma
ICS and LABA
53
relivers in asthma
SABA
54
self management in COPD 4
lifestyle changes regular physical activity medication adherence monitoring symptoms
55
monoclonal antibodies in chronic airway disease+when its given
inhibit igE reducing inflammation cascade used in patients who don't respond to standard medication treatmenr
56
horizontal fissure
5th to 4th rib mid axillar-anterior
57
oblique fissure
t3 to 6th rib anteriorly
58
inferior margins of lungs
anterior t6 laterally t8 posteriorly t10
59
bronchopulmonary segement
portion of the lung supplied by its own pulmonary artery branch and bronchus
60
what is the clinical significance of the bronchopulmonary segment
as each bronchopulmonary segement has their own supply its useful in understanding the spread of disease
61
what innervates the parietal pleura 2
intercostal and phrenic nerve
62
what is the blood supply of the parietal pleura 3
interocostal thoracic and phrenic arteries
63
what is the blood supply of the visceral pleura 1
bronchial arteries
64
the innervation of the lungs 2
phrenic nerve and pulmonary plexus
65
where is the pulmonary plexus located
bifurcation of the trachea
66
capacity definition 2
can comprehend and retain information use and weigh information when deciding
67
doctors role in occupational lung disease 3
determine the cause evaluate the extent of impairment act as an expert witness
68
two types of compensation in occupational lung disease
common law statutory law
69
non clinical professionals in asthma and cOPd
occupational hygienist environmental health officer non clinical public health officer
70
71
Is their increased vocal resonance in pneumothorax and why
No because sound travels faster through solid then air

M1 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions