week 7

Question 1

extrinsic causes of restrictive lung disease 3

Answer 1

decr muscle tone due to neuromuscular issues
chest wall deformitites
obesity
pleural issues ex. pleural effusion, fibrosis

Question 2

intrinsic causes of restrictive lung disease

Answer 2

interstitial lung disease

Question 3

clinical signs of restrictive lung disease 4

Answer 3

reduced chest expansion
tachypnoa
decreased breathing sounds
inspiratory crackles aka velcro crackles

Question 4

causes of interstitial lung disease (broad categories 5)

Answer 4

inorganic exposure
organic exposure
smoking
rare forms
idiopathic

Question 5

asbestosis def

Answer 5

chronic lung inflammation and scarring due to inhalation of asbestos fibres

Question 6

pleural disease definition (3 examples)

Answer 6

pleural diseases including pleural effusion, pleuritis and pleural plaques

Question 8

what is the most common interstitial lung disease

Answer 8

idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Question 9

Mesothelioma

Answer 9

aggressive cancer

Question 10

3 investigations for restrictive lung disease

Answer 10

ABG
CXR
Spirometry

Question 11

how is a diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis achieved

Answer 11

using a multi-disciplinary team

Question 12

chest wall managements for restrictive lung disease 4

Answer 12

obesity = weight loss
kyphoscoliosis = surgery
oxygen therapy
physiotherapy

Question 13

neuromuscular managements for restrictive lung disease 2

Answer 13

oxygen therapy
physiotherapy

Question 14

interstitial lung disease managements for restrictive lung disease 3

Answer 14

oxygen therapy
antibiotic agents
lung transplantation

Question 15

defences in resp system 3

Answer 15

mucous + cilia
dust cells in alveolar
type 1 pneumocytes

Question 16

3 mechs by which resp defences can be comprimised

Answer 16

defective mucous clearance
dysfunctional cilia
lack of immune response

Question 17

common causes of lung inflammation 6

Answer 17

infection
environmental pollutants
allergens
autoimmune
smoking
occupational exposure

Question 18

pulmonary inflammation mech 3

Answer 18

detection of pathogens through PRRs initiating inflammation

Macrophages and dendritic cells respond to PAMPs by releasing cytokines

Cytokines attract other immune cells and cause vasodilation

Question 19

3 steps in pulmonary inflammation resolution

Answer 19

removal of irritant

apoptosis of immune cells

proliferation of type 2 pneumocytes to restore structural integrity to alveoli

Question 20

granuloma formation in chronic pulmonary formation

Answer 20

macrophages differentiate into epithelioid cells forming a compact cluster around the irritant

remain in the tissue disrupting normal structure and function and continually release inflammatory mediators causing damage

Question 21

consequences of chronic pulmonary inflammation 3

Answer 21

scarring
fibrosis
granuloma formation

Question 22

pharyngitis (def, aetiology -2, management -2, complications - 3)

Answer 22

Def: inflammation of pharynx

Aet: Mostly viral, 1/3 bacterial

Management: Antibiotics, tonsillectomy if severe

Complications scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, glomerularnephritis

Question 23

Otitis media (def, aetiology -2, management -2, complications - 2)

Answer 23

Def: presence of fluid in middle ear w inflammation

Aet: viral/bacterial

Management: analgesia and antibiotics

Complications OME and LOME

Question 24

sinusitis (def, aetiology -1, management -3)

Answer 24

Def: inflammation of paranasal sinuses

Aet: Mainly viral

Management: analgesia, decongestants and antibiotics

Question 25

Epiglottitis (def, diagnosis-2, management -2, complications - 1

Answer 25

Def: cellulitis of epiglottis and surrounding tissues Diagnosis: inspection and lateral neck x-ray Management: securing airway and antibiotic therapy Complication: life threatening airway obstruction

Question 26

lung cancer manifestations 5

Answer 26

hoarse voice new cough chest pain hemoptysis recurrent infection

Question 27

non small cell lung cancer vs small cell lung cancer

Answer 27

NSCLC: more common slow 2 types SCLC: less common fast progression

Question 28

2 types of NSCLC

Answer 28

adenoma squamous cell carinoma

Question 29

TNM classification (def and criteria)

Answer 29

Def: indicates cancer severity, guiding treatment and prognosis T= characteristics of primary tumour N = number of lymph nodes affected M = metastasis

Question 30

Invetsigations in cancer (3 broad groups)

Answer 30

Blood test Imaging: CXR, chest CT, PET Biopsy: BRonchoscopy, pleural aspirate, CT guided biopsy

Question 31

key investigation in lung cancer diagnosis

Answer 31

CT chest

Question 32

resp mech in quiet inspiration and expiration

Answer 32

quiet inspiration: diaphragm contracts external intercostals contract quiet expiration: diaphragm relaxes and external intercostals relax

Question 33

resp mech in forced inspiration and expiration

Answer 33

inspiration: accessory muscles contraction expiration: abdominal muscle and intercostals contracting

Question 34

role of the resp group 2

Answer 34

dorsal group = initiation of inspiration ventral group = inspiration and expiration

Question 35

apneustic group

Answer 35

deeper and prolonged inspiration

Question 36

pneumotaxic

Answer 36

regulates rate and pattern

Question 37

3 sets of tonsils

Answer 37

palantine - see these either side of uvula pharyngeal - aka adenoids lingual - behind tongue

Question 38

digital health technology def

Answer 38

any technology to facilitate health servies including escripts, electronic records, telemedicine, wearable devices

Question 39

do you find clubbing in interstitial lung disease

Answer 39

yes

Question 40

what is interstitial lung disease

Answer 40

an umbrella term for several restrictive lung diseases

Question 41

what are examples of interstitial lung disease 4

Answer 41

asbestosis silicosis connective tissue disorders manifested in the lung idopathic pulmonary fibrosis