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Entm 1000 midterm 2 > week 6 > Flashcards

week 6 Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

what are european honey bees considered

A

livestock

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2
Q

how many subspecies of honey bees

A

30

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3
Q

what are the differences between subspecies of honey bees

A

Different types of honey bees are good at different things
Think of dog species

Apis mellifera ligustica
Italian bees
Produce lots of honey

Apis mellifera mellifera
German bee
Good at overwintering
Not as much honey

Apis mellifera scutellata
African bees
no overwintering
defensive

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4
Q

what are some characteristics of european bees

A

Gentle
Honey producers
Good overwintering
Adapted to temperate climates

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5
Q

what are some characteristics of african bees

A

Defensive
Good at reproducing
No need to overwinter
Adapted to tropics

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6
Q

how and when did honey bees arrive in the americas?

A

17th century

colonizers brought

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7
Q

what was the indigenous perspective of stingless bees in americas

A

Stingless bees cultured in americas
Lots of influence in culture

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8
Q

what was the outcome of european bees being brought to the americas

A

Naturalized and established
Arguably not invasive

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9
Q

how/when did african bees arive in americas

A

Dr. Kerr brings apis mellifera scutellata from east africa to brazil in 1956
Tried to make more efficient bees
Ooops research went wrong
Swarm and Queens escaped

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10
Q

what was the outcome of african bees being brought to americas? where did they spread?

A

Changed apiculture and agricultural landscapes forever

Africanized bees take over
Move north through americas
Found in most of south and central america and in parts of US
Don’t know where they will go next

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11
Q

what are africanized bees and how are they made

A

Hybrids between european and africanized bees
European queen and african drone
European drone and african queen

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12
Q

what parent do africanized bees inherit defensive behaviour from? how do we use this to our advantage?

A

Defensive behaviour inherited from drones
Use this knowledge to control unwanted behaviour by saturating air with european drones

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13
Q

what does it mean for africanized bees to be defensive? what is the outcome of this

A

More reactive to alarm pheromone sting more than european bees
Run
Fly
Chase you
Walk

See threats very easily
public safety issue
Can’t have kids, animals around when harvesting

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14
Q

why is smoke used when beekeepers are handling africanized bees

A

Reduces defensive alarm pheromones

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15
Q

what does a stinger do when removed

A

rips out skin
dagger like

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16
Q

what does it mean to abscond? what type of bee is more likely to do this?

A

africanized bees

Queen and workers leave hive to find another nesting location

Causes
Diseases
Predators
Lack of forage

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17
Q

what does it mean to usurp? what type of bee is more likely to do this?

A

Swarm of africanized bees take over colony of european descent
Kill european queen and rear their own brood

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18
Q

what are some reasons africanized bees are harder to deal with for beekeepers

A

Defensive
Higher tendency to swarm
Abscond
Usurp
Lower honey stores

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19
Q

what are some reasons africanized bees are easier to deal with for beekeepers

A

Higher tolerance to disease
-ex. Veromites which Cause european bees to collapse

Better at defending from predators

Produce more propolis than European
-resins/sap from trees
-Use it to cover hive
- we use it to mummify

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20
Q

why do africanized bees have a higher tendency to swarm

A

Put lots of energy into producing more queens

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21
Q

how much more honey do european bees make compared to africanized

A

European honey bees produce 30% more honey than africanized

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22
Q

why do africanized bees produce less honey

A

Africanized workers have shorter foraging lives than european
Don’t have long winters so don’t need honey for winter

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23
Q

why are queens more likely to mate with africanized drones

A

africanized colonies produce more drones

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24
Q

how can you identify africanized bees?

A

Look the same as European bees
Stings hurt the same

Morphometric analysis
PCR (DNA)
SNPs

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25
what systems does canada have in place to prevent africanized bee invasion
Can’t import queens into canada
26
What percent of insects considered herbivorous
35%
27
what percent of insects considered pests
1-3%
28
what is a pest
Insect that harms humans/livestock/crops/possessions
29
what are some types of herbivorous insects
Leaf feeders Sap suckers Leaf miners -Bypass cellulose or unwanted layers of leaf Stem feeders Root feeders fruit/seed feeders
30
are herbivorous insects always only bad for plants
no nectar/pollen Can be damaging herbivores when larvae, but beneficial pollinators when adults have to weigh cost/benefit
31
are the actions of any individual in the population strictly have 1 effect
no, Food webs and networks Very complex Not just individual relationships
32
when did insects evolve in relation to plants
Insects first appeared at or before origin of vascular plants Two most significant radiation in insect diversity coincide with evolution of Seed plants (gymnosperms) Flower plants (angiosperms)
33
how do insect herbivores affect the evolution of plants and vice versa
Plants have to evolve to compete with insects Reciprocal interactions between plants and herbivores over evolutionary time shaped plants, insect and plant-insect interactions we now observe -Plant defenses to reduce herbivory -Insect strategies to overcome plan defenses
34
how does herbivory affect diversification of insects
Herbivory increases diversification of insects More herbivory correlated with more types of species
35
what is coevolution
Coevolution = “evolutionary arms race” Each trying to get upper hand on eachother
36
what is an example of coevolution
Plant evolves new chemical defense: temporarily free from herbivory Radiation of new but related plant species Insect evolves ability to overcome plant defenses: temporarily free from competition Radiation of new but related insect species Cycle continues over time
37
what are constitutive vs induced plant defenses
Constitutive defence Always present Induced defense Synthesized in response to plant injury
38
what are some examples of mechanical plant defenses
Waxy epidermal cuticles Leaf toughness Seed coats Spines, prickles, thorns Bark Trichomes Pitching out
39
what are plant some trichomes
Hairs Scales Glandular - exude substances -Sticky, annoying, toxic compounds
40
what is pitching out
Damage tree produces pitch Resin that traps insects
41
what are primary metabolites in plants
Primary molecules important for life stuff of plants Amino acids, sugars, nucleotides, lipids Found throughout plant kingdom Function in growth and reproduction
42
what are secondary metabolites in plants and what are they used for
(used for chemical defense) Often co-opted metabolism by-products Found in related groups of species
43
what are some of the functions of secondary metabolites in plants
Feeding and oviposition deterrents Toxicants Antimicrobial activity Attractants (smell, color, taste) for pollinators and parasitoids
44
what re non-volitalie secondary metabolites and an example
Have to come into contact with Ex. limonene Can be distasteful to herbivores
45
what are volatile secondary metabolites and an example
Can be detected by predators before contact Ex. menthol Warns herbivores plant is toxic before feeding commences
46
what are Phytoecdysones
secondary metabolites Plant steroids similar to insect molting hormones Can interfere with molting when ingested
47
what are some examples of chemical defenses in plants
Glucosinolates only present in brassicaceae Nicotine in tobacco Tannins in tea and other plants Salicylic acid (aspirin) in willow bark Caffein, morphine, cocaine, cannabis, myrcene
48
how have butterfly species evolved to feed on plants with glucosinolate
Some species can feed on plants with glucosinolate Some cannot feed Some evolved to not have to feed
49
what are semiochemicals
chemical communication
50
what are allelochemicals and what do they do
Semiochemicals that facilitate inter-species communication
51
what are the 2 types of allelochemicals and what do they do
Allomones Produce negative responses in insects Repellents, deterrents, toxins Kairomones Produce positive responses in insects Attractants stimulants, excitants
52
what is an example of a plant relying on allelochemicals
Say plant produces volatile chemical Some insect feeds and releases allelochemicals Allelochemical acts as kairomone and attracts more herbivores Also attracts some predators/parasitoid that plant relies on for defense Allelochemical might also act as allomone and repel herbivores for feeding and oviposition
53
what is plant eavesdropping
Herbivore-induced plant volatiles induce indirect defense in neighboring plants
54
what are some ways insects evolved do combat plant defenses
Morphological adaptations Behavioural adaptations Biological conditioning Detoxification Sequestration Genetic resistance Population level responses
55
give 2 examples of morphological adaptations insects use to overcome plant defenses
Acorn weevil Evolved snout to get inside acorn Horntails Horned tail to burrow inside bark of tree
56
what is an example of behavioural adaptations insects use to combat plant defense
Eat parts of leaves to avoid or limit production of defensive compounds Ex. trenching
57
what is biological conditioning and an example
Creates conditions where insect can better attack that plant Ex. Inoculation of plant with fungi (and bacteria) to alter/suppress plant defenses or improve plant nutrition for offspring Mycangium Structure on body adapted to transport spores of symbiotic fungi
58
how do insects use detoxification to overcome plant defenses
Detoxification enzymes saliva Injected into plant tissues to reduce production of or break down induced compounds
59
what is an example of detoxification to overcome plant defenses
Parsnip webworm and wild parsnip Webworm has ability to metabolize furanocoumarins Corn earworm caterpillars feeding on tobacco plants
60
what is sequestration
Storage of toxic/distasteful secondary plant metabolites in tissues
61
what are some insects that use sequestration and why is it useful
Ex. turnip sawfly, milkweed bug, monarch butterfly all sequester cardenolides Distasteful to predators Reduce competition Many with aposematic coloration
62
what is genetic resistance and an example
Mutations within genome to feed on a plant 18 insect species that feed on plants containing cardenolide poisons (milkweed) All 4 orders of insects examined had amino acid substitution in same position of gene that allows them to feed on these plants Substitutions occurred independently at least 4 times
63
what is the strategy of population level increase to overcome plant defenses
Overwhelm plant defense with enough individuals
64
give an example of population level increase to overcome plant defense
Ex. mountain pine beetle When they identify group of pine Produce aggregation pheromones Tells mountain pine beetle to group together and attack specific trees Trees can’t produce enough pitch to fight off all beetles
65
Is there a winner in the coevolutionary arms race
not really, they evolve new methods of getting resources or go extinct
66
what are some characteristics of solitary bees and wasps
Central place foragers -Go out and search for resources and bring them back to nest An established nest Some resources Limited defense Typical solitary bee nest -Single little tunnel in the ground
67
what is cleptoparasitism
Sometimes called Cuckoos After cuckoo birds who lay eggs in other nests Lay eggs in nests of other species
68
how common is cleptoparasitism (what percent of bees do it)
Very common 17% of bees
69
what are two possible origins of cleptoparasitism in bees
nest usurpation Male structures
70
why might nest usurpation be a reason for cleptoparasitism in bees
Building a nest is tough Easier to take over someone else Some conspecifics (members of same species) will take over nest site Sometimes members of another species take over
71
why might male structures be a reason for cleptoparasitism in bees
Brood parasites share characteristics with males Absence of nest building and pollen collection structures Searching behaviour Structures for fighting (sometimes) only takes 1 small genome to switch from male to female
72
how is sex determined in hymemoptera
Fertilized egg Needs diploid female and haploid male Makes diploid female Unfertilized egg Produced from diploid female Produces haploid male
73
what is the relatedness of mother-offspring, father-daughter, sister-sister and daughter-granchild in haplodiploid insects
Mother - offspring = 50% Father - daughter = 100%/50% Sister - sister = 75% Daughter - grandchild = 50%
74
who is more closely related in haplodiploid insects, mother-child or sister-sister? what does this explain?
Sisters more closely related than their offspring If you're sterile you can still support your sisters to continue having offspring - social behaviour
75
what type of bee is eusociality most recent in
halictid bees
76
what do social insects do
Build nests Accumulate resources on large scale Powerful workforce
77
what order of insects is social groups most common in
hymenoptera
78
what is robbery in social insects
Raiding other nests for resources Obligate raiders in the stingless bees Lestimelitta (lemon bee) cleptotrigona
79
what is social parasitism
one species exploits the social structure and behavior of another species, essentially "freeloading" off the host's work by living within the host colony and relying on the host to raise its young, often without contributing to the colony's upkeep
80
what species is social parasitsm common in
Common in bumble bees, sweat bees, allodapine bees and vespids Social parasitic sweat bees Allodapine bees
81
how long do social parasitic species live in host nest
Annual colony cycle
82
what do bombus (psithyrus) do that is socially parasitic
Social parasitic bumblebee Don’t build their own nests Just go into other nests and lay their eggs there
83
what is emerys rule
Social parasites are related to hosts
84
what is the strict form vs loose form of emerys rule? why is not always one or the other?
Strict form Host and parasite are sister species Closest related species (from same node) Loose form Closely related but not sister Sometimes it started as strict form but switches to loose form or starts as loose form but switches to strict Diversify, go extinct, switch host
85
what is slavery in social insects
Taking individuals from another nest Using those individuals for your own purpose
86
what are slave making ants
Similar to social parasites and robbers Queen acts like social parasite How it reproduces and spreads Gets into colony and takes over roll of queen Slave making ant workers raid other colonies for workers (dulosis) Slave maker Polyergus entirely dependent on host/slave Formica

Entm 1000 midterm 2 (4 decks)

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