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Public health final exam > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Modes of Transmission- Direct

A

-Immediate transfer of agent from one human to another
-3 feet or less
-Contact & Droplet

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2
Q

Contact transmission

A

Direct transfer with very close contract
-Ex. STIs & Athletes Foot

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3
Q

Droplet transmission

A

Expelled large droplets from one person and picked up by another
Ex. Flu, RSV, diphtheria

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4
Q

Modes of Transmission- Indirect

A

-Transferred at >3 feet and by Vehicle-borne, Vector-borne, & Airborne

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5
Q

Vehicle borne transmission

A

Animate objects, Inanimate objects (fomites), food or liquid
Ex. healthcare worker spreading one disease to another room, shopping carts, shared toys

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6
Q

Vector-borne indirect transmission

A

Usually arthropods (intervebrates)
-Ex. ticks & mosquitoes

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7
Q

Airborne transmission

A

Expelled small droplets through things like cough, sneeze, singing, etc.
-Ex. TB, COVID, chickenpox, common cold

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8
Q

Unidirectional transmission

A

Nonhuman to human

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9
Q

Bidirectional transmission

A

nonhuman to human to nonhuman

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10
Q

Vertical transmission

A

parent to child during fetal development, birth, breast feeding

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11
Q

Horizontal transmission

A

person to person

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12
Q

Endogenous transmission

A

Internal source

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13
Q

Exogenous transmission

A

External source

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14
Q

Latent period

A

Period between when an infectious agent enters host, finds conditions favorable and replicates before shedding

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15
Q

Incubation period

A

Period between invasion and an agent until symptoms appear

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16
Q

Commmunicability period

A

Period of time the person can infect others

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17
Q

Transmissibility

A

Estimations of the basic reproductive number

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18
Q

Incidence

A

Number of NEW cases of a disease at a given time

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19
Q

Prevalence

A

Number of ALL cases of a disease at a given time

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20
Q

Prevention

A

Reduce or eliminate exposure to a disease

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21
Q

Control

A

Reduce incidence or prevalence of a disease at one point intime

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22
Q

Elimination

A

Control of a disease within a specific geographical area

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23
Q

Eradication

A

Reduce incidence worldwide to zero

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24
Q

Pandemic

A

Defined by WHO as “When a disease growth is exponential” but it doesn’t have to do with the virus itself or how severe it is, it is referring to HOW FAR IT REACHES. A pandemic cuts across international boundaries and is unpredictable

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25
Epidemic
Disease occurrence among a population that is more than what is expected in a given time and place, usually a sudden increase
26
Endemic
A disease or condition present among a population AT ALL TIMES -provide baseline for establishing a public health problem
27
What new best practice did WHO issue to name new diseases?
-Use more generic terminology stating "Disease names really do matter... we've seen certain disease names provoke backlash against members of particular religious or ethnic communities"
28
Describe issues surrounding the naming of diseases
Diseases named after locations causes stigmas and stereotypes not only towards the county/region but those that are perceived to be from there -Anti-asian violence since COVID -COVID called chinese virus -Spanish flu started in Kansas but Spain was the first to report it -HIV called Gay Cancer -Monkey pox stigma due to mainly black and hispanic day men mainly infected
29
What do we do about medical mistrust?
-Show authentic representation -Vaccine messaging should acknowledge systemic racism as a justifiable reason for mistrust before providing vaccine education -Engage trusted community leaders in public health campaigns -In black communities, have black physicians care for black newborns
30
What does NIMS stand for?
National incident management system
31
What is NIMs?
A standardized approach to incident management and response in the U.S. that was established by the department of homeland security in 2004 -Developed as a result of 9/11
32
What incidents are included in NIMs?
-Natural disasters: hurricanes, floods, ice storm, fires -Acts of terrorism: 9/11, public shootings -Failing infrastructures: building or bridge collapse -Transportation incidents: planes, trains, multi-vehicle wreck
33
What is the role of the incident commander?
-Top dog, has operational final say -Creating a unified command between responding agencies -Evaluates the incident -Creates and oversees plan of action -Determines needs based on incident
34
What is the role of the Safety officer?
-Monitoring hazards in day-to-day operations -Enforce safety plans for scene operations -Assist in developing emergency plans should further incidents ensue
35
What is the role of the Public information officer (PIO)?
-Responsible for communicating info to the public & media -Only speaks to response efforts & operations (Annoucements of deaths normally left to PIO within local agencies to release to press/ media)
36
What is the role of the Liaison officer (LNO)?
-Relays information between incident commander, general staff, and other agencies -On a large scale response, multiple LNOs report to chief LNO -Key purpose is to assist in communication btwn departments and field response
37
Role of Finance/ administrative section?
-Documenting all expenses that should be reimbursed -Reimbursed with state and federal dollars
38
Role of logistics section?
-2 groups: Service and Support branch -Movement of equipment & supplies -Food & water -Facilities
39
Role of planning section
-In charge of problem solving issues as they come up during response -Planning and predicting next phase of incident response -Demobilization plan
40
Role of Operations section
-Manage and plan day to day response -Oversee all field operations
41
Open incident
-Unknown amount of casualties -Search & rescue required -Long and ongoing -Ex. 9/11
42
Closed incident
-Number of patients not expected to change -Patients triaged, treated, adn removed from scene -Ex. Plane crash
43
What is a multiple casualty incident?
-3 or more pts -Requires mutual aid & strains resources -Declare MCI if more resources are needed
44
When does a multiple casualty incident turn into a Mass casualty event?
Greater than 100 patients
45
What does START triage stand for
Simple Triage and rapid treatment
46
4 focus points of START
1. Ability to follow directions & walk 2. Respiratory effort 3. Pulse/ perfusion 4. Mental status
47
Requirements for Green (Minor) tag
"Walking wounded" -Minor injury, may be able to assist others, unlikely to deteriorate over days -Secondary triage
48
Requirements for Yellow (Delayed) tag
Obeys commands (thumbs up) -Transport can be delayed, unlikely to deteriorate significantly over several hours
49
Requirements for Red (Immediate) tag
Compromise to ABCs - >30 breathes - Absent radial pulse or cap refil >2 secs - Doesn't obey commands -requires medical attention within minutes to 60 mins
50
Requirements of black (expectant) tag?
-Victim unlikely to survive given severity of injury
51
What to do if you come up on a ADULT patient not spontaneously breathing on field triage?
-Position airway if begins spontaneous breathing tag red if not tag black
52
What to do if you come up on a CHILD patient not spontaneously breathing on field triage?
-Position airway, check pulse, give 5 rescue breaths if spontaneous breathing occurs at any stage tag red
53
Natural disaster
-Sudden impact or acute onset -Slow or chronic impact -Droughts -Bug infestations -Extreme heat or cold -Pandemics & epidemic -Hurricane, tornado, etc
54
Human generated disaster
-Unintentional/ intentional -Conventional warfare -Unconventional warfare (nuclear/ chemical) -Transportation accident -Fires -Explosions -Water or supply contamination -Civil unrest (riots)
55
Disaster management plan
1. Prepare 2. Prevent 3. Respond 4. Recover
56
What to do during prevention?
Build for Risk and Mitigate Risk -Identify potential hazards & vulnerabilities -Strengthen capacity
57
What to do during preparedness?
-Understand Risk and Plan for Risk -Issuing timely warnings -Implementing protective actions -Undertaking emergency management activities -Evacuating pre-disaster
58
What to do during respond?
Insure for risk and respond to event -Establish control of situation -Implement life-saving actions (START, decontamination) -Evacuate post-disaster -Prevent further spread or contamination (Isolation/ quarantine)
59
What to do during recovery?
Recover& improve -Monitor populations for ongoing effects -Re-establish health services -Debrief and evaluate response -Apply lessons learned in preparation of next one
60
S/S of Carbon monoxide poisoning
-H/A -Dizziness -Seizures -SOA -Vomiting -Chest pain -Other: disorientation, visual disturbances, muscle weakness, muscle cramps
61
Causes of Carbon Monoxide poisoning
Greatest occurrence in wintertime due to poorly vented furnaces
62
Treatment of CO poisoning
-Pulse ox that monitors CO -High flow O2 via nonrebreather -Hyperbaric chamber and oxygen washout

Public health final exam (2 decks)

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