Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

neuro > week 6 > Flashcards

week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Basal Ganglia (BG)
Structure

A
  • BG is a collection of 5 anatomical and functionally related grey matter structures
  • Caudate + Putamen = striatum
  • Globus palidus = Consists of internus (GPi) & externus sections (GPe)
  • Substania nigra: Consists of pars compacta (SNpc) and pars reticulata (SNpr)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Basal Ganglia (BG)
Function(s)

A

1.Goal Directed behaviour loop (non-motor)
2.Social behaviour loop (non-motor)
3.Emotion loop (non-motor)
4.Motor loop (motor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Basal Ganglia (BG)
Function - Movement control

A
  • Regulates desired and inhibits undesired movements
    - Voluntary movement, postural muscles,
    rhythmic movements
  • Sends information back to the motor cortex via thalamus
  • Regulates muscle tone (force) and many other thing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Accelerator: Direct movement control

A

pathway allows movements (white boxes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Brake: Indirect movement control

A

pathway prevents undesired movements (black boxes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Basal Ganglia (BG)
Function - Movement control
what horomone do they rely on

A
  • Relies on dopamine producing neurons the substantia nigra to supply it with dopamine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

where are the Dopaminergic producing neurons found

A

SNpc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that:

A
  • Enhances the action of the direct pathway (Accelerator)
  • Inhibits the action of the indirect pathway (Brake)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Striatum input and out put

A

input- From cortical areas
output- Inhibits Gpi (Direct Pathway) & Gpe (indirect pathway)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

GPi input and out put

A

i- Striatum
o- inhibits (via GABBA) Thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

GPe input and out put

A

i-Striatum
o- Inhibits (via GABBA) STN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

STN input and out put

A

i- GPe
o- Excites (via Glutamate) the pallidus internus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

SNpc input and output

A

i- Subcortical structures
o- Dopamine to the striatum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Basal Ganglia (BG) Dysfunction

A

Hypokinetic movement disorder
Hyperkinetic movement disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

cerebellum weighs what percent of the brain

A

10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how many neurons does the cerebellum have

A

50% of all neurons in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

cerebellum 3 cortical layers from superficial to deep

A

1.Molecular Layer – few neurons (axons of
granule cells / dendrites of Purkinje’s)
2.Purkinje Cells – single row of huge cells
(unique to cerebellum)
3.Granular Layer – numerous densely packed
neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

three lobes of cerebeullum called

A

Anterior
- Posterior
- Flocculonodular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Superior cerebellar Peduncle connects what and function

A

Midbrain. Primarily cerebellar efferent fibres –via thalamic nuclei to cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Middle cerebellar Peduncle connects what and function

A

Pons. Entirely afferent fibres - Information to cerebellum from cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Inferior cerebellar Peduncle connects what and function

A

Medulla. Afferent & efferent fibres – afferents from spinal cord, vestibular apparatus, efferent to vestibular nuclei & reticular formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

cerebellum Blood supply

A
  • Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)
  • Superior cerebellar artery (SCA)
  • Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cerebellum Function(s)

A
  • Coordinates human movement
    Works as a comparator – comparing
    Maintaining posture and balance
  • Coordination of voluntary movement
  • Motor learning
  • Cognitive function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Cerebellum Functional areas
1) Spinocerebellum (Vermis) 2) Vesibulotcerebellum (Flocculonodular) 3) Cerebroerebellum (lateral hemispheres)
26
Cerebellum Functions: Spinocerebellum
- Located in the vermal and paravermal sections of the cerebellum - Input * Movement commands from the cortex * Activity levels of spinal cord neurons * Movement or postural adjustments from proprioceptors - Role in making anticipatory, corrective and responsive adjustments or otherwise movement would be uncoordinated
27
Cerebellum Functions: Vesitbulocerebellum
Located in the flocculonodular lobe - Input from ipsilateral vestibular apparatus and ipsilateral vestibular nuclei in the brainstem - Output to vestibular nuclei and reaches motor neurons via vestibulospinal tracts and tracts coordinating head and eye movement - Role in head movement and head position
28
Cerebellum Functions: Cerebrocerebellum
- Located in lateral cerebellar hemispheres (named for extensive connections with cerebral cortex) - Input – cerebral cortex via pontine nucleus - Output – motor and premotor cortex via dentate and motor thalamus - Role in timing movements, planning movements and coordination of voluntary movement
29
Cerebellum Dysfunction(s) Pathologies include but not limited to
- Stroke - Tumour - Degenerative disease - Trauma (eg TBI) - Structural / Malformation - Hereditary - Toxicity (alcohol, drugs) - Other: Infection or endocrine or immune mediated
30
Cerebellum Dysfunction(s) Ataxia
Posture and Balance impairments - Dysmetria (undershoot or overshoot of intended position) - Action tremor (Intention tremor) - Nystagmus: Eye movement dysfunction - Dysarthria: Poorly articulated / coordinated speech
31
Differentiating Cerebellar Vs. Somatosensory Ataxia
- To differentiate between somatosensory and cerebellar ataxia, movement coordination should be compared with eyes open and eyes closed - Cerebellar lesions cause ataxia regardless of the use of vision.
32
Vestibulocerebellum dysfunction signs
Unsteadiness truncal ataxia nystagmus
33
Spinocerebellum dysfunction signs
Intention tremor ataxic gait dysarthria dysdiadochokinesia dysmetria movement decomposition
34
Cerebrocerebellum dysfunction signs
Finger ataxia Dysarthria
35
Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD) affects what in CNS
primarily affect the structures within the Basal Ganglia and are progressive neurological disorders Both disorders result in significant changes to movement including the production of speech, emotion, cognition and functions controlled by the autonomic nervous system
36
PD parkingtons disease
neurodegenerative disease gradual onset subtyypes of PD
37
parkinsonism
bradykineasia- slowness of movement hypokinesia- reduced amplitude of movmenet ridigity- increase resisitance to movement resting tremou- high frquancy small amplitude
38
neural structure changes in PD
degeneration of the substantia nigra substantia nigra synthesis NT dopamine symptoms of PD develop when 60% of substantia nigra degerenrates
39
intraneuronal changes in PD
lewy bodies are interneuronal accumulation of protein
40
resting tremour
hand but may also be in lower limb jaw or leg
41
rigidity
involuntary resistance to movement int the flexor and extensor muscles
42
brakykinesia
slow movement and reduced speed and size of movement as a sequence progresses
43
hypokinesia
reduced size of movement
44
freezing of gait and festination
walking pattern may come to a stop and difficult to initiate walking again. festiniation describes increase reduction in size of steps in a sequence then may expereince freeze
45
akinesia
abscence of movement
46
postural instabiloty
difficulty maintaining equilibrium in standing and mobility
47
dystonia
prolonged involuntary muscle contraction affecting specific muscle
48
impaired recall memory and prospective memory
recsll memory is retrieval of imformation from the past. prospective memory is related to remembering to execute a planned action in the future
49
reduced attention
ability to selectively attend to something in the neviornement whilst ignoring competing stimuli
50
difficulties in comprehension of complex sentences
may have difficulty extracting meaning from words that are combined in a particular order
51
orthostatic hypotension
drop in bp with change in positionc
52
bladder dysfunction
frequency urgency and nocturia
53
hyperhidrosis
excessive sweating
54
sialorroea
excessive salivation
55
sexual dysfunction
may inc a range of difficulties inc decreased desire
56
dopamine replacement action of meds
crosees blood brain barrier. converted into dopamine
57
dopamine agonist action of medication
mimics effects of dopamine
58
dyskenesia
involuntary continnuous muscle movements of head, trunj or limbs
59
hallucinations
often visual such as sensation of a person present
60
impulse control disorder
harmful urger or behavior that may occur
61
deep brain stimulation
useful for people experiencing debisabiling motor fluctuations, tremours,dyskinesia or dystonia
62
deep brain stimulation target sites
subthalamic nucleus globus pallidus internus venteral intermediate thalamus
63
death of neuron ins huntingston occurs where
caudate and putamen (striatmen)
64
structes affected in the brain during HD are
substantia nigra cerebellum thalmus cerebral cortex

neuro (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions