Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Life Support > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

(70 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is hypoxia vs hypoxaemia?

A

hypoxia = inadequate level of tissue oxygenation for cell metabolism

hypoxaemia - abnormally low oxygen tension in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the four types of hypoxia?

A

Hypoxic hypoxia - low oxygen tension
Hypoxaemic hypoxia - low blood content
Circulatory hypoxia - low cardiac output/delivery
Histotoxic hypoxia - poor tissue usage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do you measure oxygen transport and delivery (two equations)

A

Oxygen bound to Hb + Oxygen carried in plasma = total carrying capacity

Total carrying capacity x cardiac output = oxygen delivery to tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe and give potential causes of hypoxic hypoxia

A

Hypoxic hypoxia - low oxygen tension, issue is getting air to the plasma
Examples: AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION, LACK OF ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN, HYPOVENTILATION, VQ MISMATCH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the causes of hypoventilation? (3 examples)

A

Coma, COPD, obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the endpoints of VQ mismatch? (low ventilation, low perfusion)

A

Low ventilation results in shunt (deoxygenated blood moviving through, mixing with oxygenated)

Low perfusion results in deadspace ventilation (blood can’t move through to be oxygenated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe and give potential causes of hypoxameic hypoxia

A

Hypoxaemic hypoxia - low blood content

Examples: LOW HAEMOGLOBIN
ABNORMAL HAEMOGLOBIN (SICKLE, THALASSAEMIA), CO POISONING
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe and give potential causes of circulatory hypoxia

A

Circulatory hypoxia - low cardiac output/delivery / CIRCULATION ISSUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe and give potential causes of histotoxic hypoxia

A

Histotoxic hypoxia - poor tissue usage / CELL LEVEL

Examples: SEPSIS, DRUGS, CYANIDE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why do we need to use anticoagulants? (3)

A

Stroke prevention
Venous thromoembolic disease
Arterial thrombotic disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

DVT - incidence, relevance of position in the leg, fatality rate

A

Incidence 1/1000 per year
50-70% above the knee embolise
1-2% incidence of fatal PE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do anticoagulants do?

A

Prevent development of clots
Does NOT thin blood
Does NOT dissolve existing clots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a risk factor?

A

Any characteristic which identifies a group at increased risk of disease now or in the future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How would we calculate the relative risk of VTE in people who have flown?

A

Risk of VTE in people exposed (have flown) / risk of VTE in people who are not exposed (not flown)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the factors increasing risk of VTE? (3)

A

Virchow’s triad
Reduced rate of blood flow
Increased coagulability of blood
Damage to venous endothelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the common underlying causes of VTE? (7 examples)

A 
Immobility
Heart failure
Severe injury
Malignancy
Pregnancy
Oral contraceptives / HRT
Dehydration
Heredity causes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How soon does VTE generally occur following flying?

A

Approx 3 days - 2 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the strengths of a case control study? (4)

A

Quick to carry out
Relatively cheap
Good for uncommon disease
Can look at several possible exposures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In case control study, beware of: (2)

A

Confounding - Things that can cause the disease with or without the factor you are focusing on
Bias -

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Random vs systematic error

A

Random error is imprecision, but the more research you do, the closer you will get

Systematic error is caused by bias which leads you to believe the answer is completely different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Factors to consider when designing your case control study? (6)

A 
Hypothesis and confounding factors
Size / statistical power of study
Selection of cases
Selection of controls
Study conduction - how is exposure measured? How are cofounding factors managed?
Approach to analysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the difference between selection and information bias?

A

Selection in cases and/or controls is related to exposure under study

Information on their exposure is obtained differently from cases and controls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe conducting vs respiratory portions of airway (anatomy)

A

Trachea, bronchi, conducting bronchioles

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe role of diaphragm and abdominal muscles during respiration

A

Diaphragm contracts, moving down, abdominal muscles contract outwards (bucket handle), sternum moves anterior (pump)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the attachments of the diaphragm? What are its apertures? What are the structures that pass through the diaphragm?
It is attached anteriorly to the xiphoid process and costal margin, laterally to the 11th and 12th ribs, and posteriorly to the lumbar vertebrae.
26
What are the major features / functions of the pharynx and larynx?
Pharynx - naso, oro, laryngo - warms air, food passes through mouth, houses tonsils Separated by epiglottis Larynx - beginning of airway, provides structure
27
What is the clinical significance of the crossing of the digestive and respiratory passages in the pharynx?
food / air can move into the wrong passages. | Issues affecting trachea / oesophagus may have implications for other system
28
Describe the arrangement and subdivisions of the lung pleura (including blood supplies, innervations and lymphatic drainage)
Parietal - responds to temp, touch, pressure, pain Intercostal, phrenic nerves Blood supply from costal veins/arteries Visceral - only reacts to stretch, innervated by pulmonary plexus Blood supply from bronchial arteries/veins
29
What structures make breathing friction free?
Pleural cavity - air-filled space and some serous fluid
30
What changes happen at birth to allow neonate to breathe independently? (5)
Clearance of fetal lung fluid Surfactant secretion, and breathing Transition of fetal to neonatal circulation Decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance and increased pulmonary blood flow Endocrine support of the transition
31
What are the chief mechanical processes of inspiration and expiration?
Muscles, pleural cavity, relaxation during expiration
32
What is the gross structure / function of the pleural membrane?
Outside, inside, space | Reduces friction, pressure required for breathing prcoess
33
What is reflection?
Learning through experience toward gaining new insights or changed perceptions of self and practice Intention of improving and developing
34
Describe the haemostatic response to injury
Endothelium injury - platelets come in and adhere to the location of damage - coagulation (fibrin comes in to create mesh which allows platelets to leave and WBCs to come rebuild tissue)
35
What are the principles / objectives of haemostasis
Life preserving process design to maintain blood flow - respond to tissue injury - curtail blood loss - restore vascular integrity - promote healing - limit infection
36
Primary (3) vs secondary (2) haemostasis - followed by what? And approx time frames
Primary - vasoconstriction (seconds), platelet adhesion (seconds), aggregation and contraction (minutes) Secondary - activation of coagulation factors (seconds), formation of fibrin minutes) Then fibrinolysis (activation within minutes, lysis of plug within hours)
37
Significance of Von Willebrand factor
Anchor / glue Carries and protects factor 8 Protein in circulation that sticks to collagen and platelets Deficiency prevents clotting, commonest clotting disorder
38
What is haemophilia A?
Deficiency of factor 8 | Most severe bleeding disorder
39
Describe changes in platelets during clotting
Shape changes as they are activated during clotting, develop feet and then flatten
40
Where are most clotting factors made?
Liver
41
What does blood do outside of the body?
Due to its charge, it essentially wants to become solid outside the body and gets sticky
42
What does the endothelial wall do?
xxx
43
What is the role of thrombin? What factor is it?
Thrombin turns fibrinogen into fibrin. Factor 2
44
Describe fibrinolysis
clot limiting mechanism plasminogen turned into plasmin (by tPA which is in endothelium) to destroy fibrin clot Fibrin degradation products (such as D dimers produced)
45
What is the role of streptokinase?
Thrombolytic - thrombolytics by activating plasminogen to form plasmin, which degrades fibrin and so breaks up thrombi
46
What are PT and APTT?
Prothrombin tine looks at extrinsic pathway Add tissue factor APTT looks at intrinsic pathway At foreign material Both tell you if something is wrong (if they take longer) but don't tell you exactly what the problem is
47
How can you do coagulation test without the blood clotting in test tube?
Add citrate / calcium xxx LOOK AT THIS
48
What is serum vs plasma?
Serum doesn't have clotting factors
49
What is a mixing study?
50% normal plasma, 50% test plasma, shows you if there is a antibody blocking clotting rather than a lack of particular clotting factors
50
What are the models of behaviour change? (4)
Health belief model Theory of planned behaviour Cognitive dissonance theory PRIME theory
51
What makes a good theory (5)
``` Explain a related set of observations Generate testable predictions / hypotheses Simplest set of concepts / elements Comprehensible and coherent Not contradicted by observations ```
52
Describe the health belief model - what are its shortcomings?
If I believe I can escape a negative consequence, I will take precaution Doesn't work very well if consequences are long term Threat (alongside cues, your own modifying factors and your susceptibility) can drive behaviour change Smoking, drinking, drugs behaviour not well explained by this model
53
What did Taylor and Brown study in 1988 find?
People (non-medical) underestimate the possibility of bad things (medical, accidents) happening to them and overestimate good things (intelligence, attractiveness, etc)
54
Describe theory of planned behaviour
Based on our intention to do things Your attitudes, norms and perceived control all contribute to intentions, which CAN lead to behaviour change (depends on your ability to actually change behaviour)
55
Describe transtheoretical model
pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, relapse Stages vary significantly
56
Describe cognitive dissonance theory
Competing thoughts - they contradict each other. Holding two at once causes negative feelings
57
Examples of concepts needed to be added into new models of health behaviour to make them more accurate
Identity, impulses, triggers, spontaneous/chaotic change, plans, memory, conditioning, positive illusions
58
Why do we need anticoagulants? (3)
Stroke prevention VTE Arterial thrombotic disease (ACS, MI, failed arterial grafts, etc.)
59
What do/don't anticoagulants do?
They do NOT break up the clot, they prevent further clot development and aim to give the body a break so it is has a chance to break up the clot
60
What does heparin do? Two types, monitoring required, reversal agent, don't use with
Interact with anti-thrombin UFH has activity on factor 10 and thrombin, reversal = protamine, monitoring = APTT, can be used with kidney issues LMWH has more activity on thrombin, no reversal agent, no monitoring required, don't use in kidney issues but can use in pregnancy
61
If a patient is pregnant and needs an anticoagulant, what would you use?
LMWH
62
What are the three main heparin side effects?
Bleeding Heparin induced thrombocytopenia Osteoporosis
63
How does warfarin work?
Interferes with use of Vitamin K in the liver - interferes production of Clotting factors 2, 10, 9, 7 & protein c, s
64
Quick description of cytochrome p450 system
xxx
65
Why do you need to start warfarin with heparin?
xxx
66
Why do you use INR and PT?
PT changes between hospital based on reagent used, machine, population INR provides standarised result for use by other hospitals
67
Why does target INR vary?
Depends on reason you are giving warfarin
68
Warfarin side effects
Skin necrosis Crosses placenta - early skeletal deformity, later haemorrhage Bleeding
69
How do you reverse warfarin?
PCC (prothrombin complex concentrate) - most commonly used Fresh frozen plasma only works short term Vitamin K for long term
70
What are the advantages of DOACs? (6)
``` Oral Rapid onset / offset of action Short half life (easy to control, stop for surgery) Little food/drug interactions Limited drug-drug interaction Predictable means little/no monitoring ```

Life Support (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions