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BDS3 BAMS Anatomy > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What does cortex mean

A

this area contains cell bodies as it is grey matter

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2
Q

What is the central sulcus

A

○ Seperates the frontal lobe from the parietal
○ Constant from individual to individual
○ Almost comes up to the lateral fissure but not quite

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3
Q

What is in the pre-central gyrus

A

primary motor cortex

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4
Q

What is somatotopic localization

A

phenomenon where certain parts of the body are represented in particular parts of the brain and the amount of cortex reflects the activity in these parts of the body. Areas such as lips and tongue that are sensitive have a large area of sensory cortex devoted to that

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5
Q

How is the motor cortex split

A

□ The lower third of it is for the head and neck
□ Middle area is for upper limbs and trunk
□ The top part and going onto the medial side is the lower limbs

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6
Q

Where do the neurons of the motor cortex pass to

A

pass down and make synaptic contact with the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord which go out to supply skeletal muscle (of upper limbs, trunk and lower limbs)

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7
Q

What does the post central gyrus contain

A

Primary somatosensory cortex is here - interprets sensory information as well as receiving it

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8
Q

What is the Broca’s area/motor speech area

A

○ Found on LHS of frontal lobe

○ Used to put words together

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9
Q

Where is the auditory cortex

A

temporal lobe
Where there is transverse ridges called transverse temporal gyri
The surrounding gyri is called the receptive language area and that is the area that interprets sound so you can understand it

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10
Q

What is the internal capsule susceptible to

A

• The internal capsule is particularly susceptible to compression from haemorrhagic bleeds known as ‘capsular stroke’ and an event like this could cause a lesion of the descending tracts

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11
Q

What is grey matter

A

where the cell bodies of neurons are found

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12
Q

What is the thalamus

A

made up of grey matter and it is part of the diencephalon

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13
Q

Where is the thalamus located

A

just above the brainstem between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain
○ It is involved in sensory function

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14
Q

What is the lentiform nucleus

A

one of the basal ganglia and it coordinates the movements of muscle contraction along with the cerebellum and problems with these can result in irregular movements

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15
Q

What lies between the lentiform nucleus and thalamus

A

the internal capsule which is an area of white matter that fibres run through

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16
Q

What part of the internal capsule does the white matter run through

A

posterior limb

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17
Q

What is the white matter above the internal capsule

A

corona radiata

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18
Q

What is the function of the corpus callous

A

allows the brain to compare what is happening on the two sides

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19
Q

What is the corticospinal tract

A

○ Primary purpose is for voluntary motor control of the body and limbs
○ The path starts in the motor cortex where the bodies of the first order neurons lie
○ The neurons converge and descend through the internal capsule
○ They then pass through the cerebral peduncles of the midbrain, the pons and into the medulla
○ When it gets to the motor decussation in the medulla to a part called the pyramids, here the fibres cross to the other side and carry on to meet the motor neurons that they are going to synapse with to make the muscles of the limb and trunk contract

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20
Q

Which cranial nerves supply muscles

A 
oculomotor 
trochlear
trigeminal 
abducens
facial
glossopharyngeal
accessory 
hypoglossal
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21
Q

What muscle does the oculomotor nerve supply

A

extra ocular

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22
Q

What muscle does the trochlear nerve supply

A

superior oblique

23
Q

What muscles does the trigeminal nerve supply

A

muscle of mastication

24
Q

What muscles do the abducens nerve supply

A

lateral rectus

25
Q

What muscle does the facial nerve supply

A

muscles of facial expression and others

26
Q

What muscle does the accessory nerve supply

A

part helps the vagus nerve in supply pharynx and larynx

other supples SCM and traps

27
Q

What muscle does the hypoglossal nerve supply

A

,muscles of the tongue

28
Q

What is a nucleus

A

• Inside the brainstem, the cell bodies of the motor neurons are in little clusters in what is called a nucleus

29
Q

The nuclei seen at the side of the brainstem, what do these originate from

A

• The nuclei that are seen towards the side are those that supply muscles of the pharyngeal arches (i.e muscles of mastication (trigeminal), muscles of facial expression (facial), the stylopharyngeus (glossopharyngeal) and muscles of pharynx and larynx (vagus)

30
Q

The nuclei seen at the midline of the brainstem, what do these originate from

A

• The nuclei in the midline are for those that supply muscles that are formed from somites
Somites are blocks of mesoderm on each side of the developing nervous system

31
Q

What is the pathway of the nuclear tract

A

○ The fibres come down through the corona radiata and there are thousands of fibres coming from the lower third of the motor cortex and join the other ones of the corticospinal tract
○ The corticonuclear and spinal tract go through the internal capsule together through the brainstem
They cross over to supply the nuclei of the opposite side but for many, the nuclei of the same side also receive fibres

32
Q

What is the pathway for the oculomotor nucleus

A

○ The fibres from the right hand side give fibres to both the nucleus on the ipsilateral and contralateral side.
○ Therefore in the event of a capsular stroke, the extraocular muscles are spared as there are fibres being given to each nucleus from both sides.

33
Q

Where is oculomotor nucleus found

A

midbrain

34
Q

What is the pathway for the trochlear nucleus

A

○ Also found in the midbrain.

○ Supply is the same as the oculomotor.

35
Q

What is the pathway for the trigemini nucleus

A

○ Found towards the side in mid pons.

Supply is same as oculomotor.

36
Q

What is the pathway for the facial nucleus

A

○ Found out to the side as well in the lower pons
○ Fibres cross to the opposite side but there are some fibres going to the same side BUT they are only going to the motor neurons that supply the uppermost parts of the face
○ Should the px have a capsular stroke on RHS, the fibres on the LHS will only provide the LHS nucleus with fibres to the upper part of the face not the rest meaning the lower muscles of facial expression will be paralysed

37
Q

What is the pathway for nucleus ambiguous

A

○ Found in the medulla.
○ It is the nucleus for the glossopharyngeal, the Vagus & accessory nerve.
○ Same as oculomotr

38
Q

What is the pathway for hypoglossal nucleus

A

○ Found in the medulla
○ Hypoglossal nucleus receives fibres only from the opposite side
○ Capsular stroke on RHS results in paralysis of tongue on LHS

39
Q

What is the circle of Willis

A

is seen in the middle and it is a way of equalising the pressure in the arteries so if there is a clot in one place the blood can go in another direction

40
Q

What can an aneurism in the circle of Willis result in

A

○ An aneurysm can form here and it can burst to give off a subarachnoid haemorrhage which can result in rapid loss of consciousness and sudden death

41
Q

What do the vertebral arteries pass through before entering foramen magnum

A

• The vertebral arteries pass through the transverse foramen of C1, the vertebral arteries travel across the posterior arch of C1 and through the suboccipital triangle before entering the foramen magnum

42
Q

Inside the skull, what do the 2 vertebral arteries form

A

○ Inside the skull the two vertebral arteries join to form the basilar arteries at the base of the Pons
○ The basilar artery runs to the basilar part of the pons

43
Q

What happens to the basilar artery as it reaches the pons

A

• As the basilar artery reaches the upper pons and comes to the midbrain, it splits into 2 - the left posterior cerebral artery and the right posterior cerebral artery which supply the posterior parts and the underparts of the cerebellum

44
Q

Where does the internal carotid run

A

• The internal carotid runs in the middle cranial fossa close to the optic chiasm and when it reaches the underside of the brain it splits into two.

45
Q

What is the main branch of the internal carotid

A

• The main branch is the middle cerebral artery and it goes in the lateral fissure and supplies middle regions of the brain

46
Q

What does the middle cerebral artery give off

A

• The middle cerebral artery gives off lenticulostriate artery which goes straight into the sulcus of the brain to supply the internal capsule and if one of these little artery becomes blocked, it cuts off the blood supply that leads to a stroke which leads to severe paralysis to the opposite side of the body

47
Q

What is the other main artery the internal carotid gives off

A

anterior cerebral artery that runs forward on the medial side of the hemisphere and supplies the front of the brain

48
Q

What is the connection between the two anterior arteries called

A

• The connection between the two anterior cerebral arteries is the anterior communicating artery

49
Q

What is the connection between the middle cerebral artery and the posterior cerebral artery

A

posterior communicating artery

50
Q

If a patient has paralysis that spares the lower limb what does this suggest

A

embolism in middle cerebral artery

51
Q

Why does blockage in middle cerebral artery spare the lower limns

A

not lower limb as that area of the motor cortex is supplied by the anterior cerebral artery

52
Q

What will blockage of middle meningeal artery result in

A

○ A blockage of this artery means the red area is at risk of going necrosis but because of anastomosis it may not be the whole territory
○ The patient will have problems in the motor cortex and will end up with a paralysed upper limb (not lower limb as that area of the motor cortex is supplied by the anterior cerebral artery) as well as face and side of the tongue

53
Q

What does the middle meningeal artery run in

A

lateral fissure

BDS3 BAMS Anatomy (12 decks)

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