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MSN 6305 > Week 6 - Cardiovascular, HTN > Flashcards

Week 6 - Cardiovascular, HTN Flashcards

1
Q

MC cause of death for men and women in western nations

A

Cardiovascular disease

Over 600,000 die from heart disease annually

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2
Q

What does inflammation cause?

A

Increased heart attack risk

Contributes to sequence of actions in coronary arteries such as plaque rupture, thrombus formation and embolization into the blood vessels within the heart

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3
Q

Risk disease of heart disease

A 
Increasing age
Male
Family history
HTN*
Smoking*
Dyslipidemia
Obesity*
Diabetes, per diabetes*
Sedentary lifestyle*
  • Preventable heart disease risk factors
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4
Q

What is sometimes the initial presenting symptom of heart disease?

A

Death

It’s often silent until late stages of disease

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5
Q

What LDL particles are associated with higher levels of cardiovascular disease?

A

Small dense

Note: large “fluffy” LDL particles are not

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6
Q

What is a key in the US dietary guidelines for dietary cholesterol?

A

Eating patterns have a much higher priority, individual dietary consituents have less emphasis.

Pattern: what foods are in the diet? Is this a whole foods diet rich in vegetables and fruits or diet high in added sugars and fats?

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7
Q

Highest proportions of cardio metabolic death were related to what foods:

A 
Too much sodium 🧂 
Too little nuts/seeds 🥜 
High processed meat 🍖 
Low seafood omega-3 fats 🦞 
Low vegetables and fruit 🍎 
Excessive sugar-sweetened beverages 🍹
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8
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Canola oil

A

Both

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9
Q

What PUFAs are good sources of omega-3 FA? (8)

A 
Canola oil
Chia seeds
Mackerel
Salmon
Sardines
Trout
Tuna 
Walnuts
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10
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Chia seeds

A

PUFA

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11
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Corn oil

A

PUFA

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12
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Cottonseed oil

A

Pufa

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13
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Flx seed and flax seed oil

A

PUFA

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14
Q

PUFA or MUFA? herring

A

PUFA

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15
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Mackerel

A

PUFA

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16
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Pine nuts

A

PUFA

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17
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Pumpkin seeds

A

PUFA

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18
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Salmon

A

PUFA

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19
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Sardines

A

PUFA

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20
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Sesame seeds

A

PUFA

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21
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Soybean oil

A

PUFA

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22
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Soybeans

A

PUFA

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23
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Sunflower oil

A

PUFA

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24
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Trout

A

PUFA

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25
PUFA or MUFA? Tuna
PUFA
26
PUFA or MUFA? Walnuts
PUFA
27
PUFA or MUFA? Avocados
MUFA
28
PUFA or MUFA? Almonds
MUFA
29
PUFA or MUFA? cashews
MUFA
30
PUFA or MUFA? Hazelnuts
MUFA
31
PUFA or MUFA? Olive oil
MUFA
32
PUFA or MUFA? Peanut butter
MUFA
33
PUFA or MUFA? Peanut oil
MUFA
34
PUFA or MUFA? Sunflower oil
MUFA
35
Food sources for saturated fats
``` Butter Cheese Coconut oil Cream Eggs Ice cream Lard Palm or palm kernel oil Poultry skin Red meat Whole milk ```
36
In one RCT (Khaw et al, 2018), which oil (coconut oil, olive oil, butter) raise LDL-C concentration?
Butter “The effects of different dietary fats on lipid profiles, metabolic markers and health outcomes may vary not just according to the general classification of their main component fatty acids as saturated or unsaturated but possibly according to different profiles of individual fatty acids, processing methods as well as the foods in which they are consumed or dietary patterns.”
37
What fat is found in hydrogenated vegetable oils
Trans fats E.g. crisco Can be mono or polyunsaturated
38
What are the benefits of eating fish?
Reduction in plasma Tg | Increase in HDL
39
T/F Fish oil supplementation has no benefit
True - according to a study
40
Conclusion of low carb and all-cause mortality
Associated with higher risk of all-cause mortality Not protective or harmful in cardiovascular mortality - they did not detail whether the low-carb diet was plant or animal based (Noto et al., 2013)
41
T/F Heme iron is considered a cardiometabolic risk factor
True
42
Ornish in 1990 published an RCT suggesting what parameters would reverse cardiovascular disease
Low fat vegetarian diet Exercise (yoga and walking) Stress management (meditation, support groups) Smoking cessation
43
What is TMAO
Trimethylamine-N-oxide | Cardiovascular disease biomarker
44
What drug inhibits the enzyme HMA CoA that controls rate at which the body produces cholesterol
Statins
45
Negative effects of statins
Muscle, joint pain (may be worsened by vit D deficiency) Higher risk of DMII Deplete CoQ10 Cataracts Decreased energy and exertional fatigue, worse in women
46
What is the leading cause of premature preventable death worldwide?
Hypertension
47
What is the causes of Hypertension ?
``` High sodium intake Low potassium intake Obesity Alcohol consumption Physical inactivity Unhealthy diet ```
48
HTN puts you at risk for what 2 leading causes of death in the U.S
Heart disease | Stroke
49
Only ___ in 4 adults with HTN have their condition under control
1
50
Who has the highest reported prevalence of HTN in the world?
African-Americans (higher in those who are born in the US compared to those who immigrated to the US)
51
What is low BP?
Lower than 90/60 mm Hg
52
Normal BP
90/60 - 120/80 mm Hg
53
Pre HTN
120/80 - 139/89 mm Hg Though in 2017 the ACA/AHA called this the low end of HTN
54
HTN
140/90 or greater during 2+ office visits
55
Stage 1 HTN
140/90 - 159/99 mm Hg
56
Stage 2 HTN
Greater than 160/100 mm Hg
57
Hypertensive crisis involves a diastolic pressure greater than
120-130 mm Hg
58
What are the components of metabolic syndrome?
HTN Obesity Insulin resistance Lipid abnormalities
59
What is “essential” HTN?
“Cause unknown” HTN D/t renal or endocrine disease
60
Risk factors for HTN
``` Age over 65 Dietary factors Family Hx Obesity Lack of exercise Kidney disease Adrenal abnormalities Hyperthydroidism Oral contraceptive use Smoking ```
61
What are lifestyle interventions for HTN?
``` Low-sodium, more plant-centered diets Maint body weight Increase physical activity Stop smoking Reduce excessive alcohol use Stress reduction methods ```
62
A large French study of 80K adults on the DASH diet showed what 3 foods increased hazard ratio of HTN
Animal protein Red and processed meat Sodium
63
A large French study of 80K adults on the DASH diet showed what 8 foods decreased hazard ratio of HTN
``` Nuts Magnesium Fiber Potassium Whole grains Plant protein Fruit and vegetables ```
64
Sodium intake above the physiologic need is related to development of
HTN
65
What foods are low sodium? (4)
``` Beans Grains Fruits Vegetables (And Meat) ```
66
FDA packaging, sodium free or no sodium
<5 mg of sodium per serving
67
FDA packaging, very low sodium
35 milligram or less of sodium
68
FDA packaging, low sodium
140 milligrams or less of sodium
69
FDA packaging, reduced sodium
At least 25% less sodium than the regular product
70
Does folate contribute to HTN?
Yes Nurses' Health Study found women consuming the highest amounts of folate from diet and supplements (> 1000 mcg per day) had 1/3 the risk for developing hypertension compared to women consuming less than 200 mcg per day.
71
how does vitamin C effect HTN?
Inverse association Higher Vit C = lower BP up to 500 mg/day
72
how does potassium effect HTN?
Potassium reduces BP and stroke risk
73
how does flax seeds effect HTN?
Reduces HTN
74
how does yoga and meditation effect HTN?
Yoga practiced 3x/week that did or did not include breathing techniques reduced BP

MSN 6305 (13 decks)

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