Week 6 - Core clinical problems Flashcards
What process happens during cervical erosion?
where does this process happen?
Exposure of endocervical columnar epithelium to acid environment of vagina - leads to squamous metaplasia
(columnar cells - squamous cells at TZ zone)
Name some of the risk factors involved in CIN and squamous carcinoma?
Lots of sexual partners Long term oral contraceptive use Not using condoms Smoking Persistence of HPV infection
CIN is the pre-invasive stage of cervical cancer? T/F
T
Cervical polyp is premalignant? T/F
F
What are the 3 stages of CIN and briefly describe them?
CIN 1 - lower third dysplasia. Low grade
CIN 2 - 2/3rds dysplasia. High grade
CIN 3 - More than 2/3rds. High grade
Cervical cancer can either be squamous or adenocarcinoma.
a) What one is picked up by screening more often?
b) Which one has a worst prognosis?
a) Squamous
b) Adenocarcinoma
What is an adenocarcinoma?
a malignant tumour formed from glandular structures in epithelial tissue.
An anastomosis occurs between what 2 sets of 2 arteries in the female anatomy?
1) Uterine and Ovarian artery
2) Uterine and vaginal artery
Where will most venous drainage occur into?
Internal iliac vein
Will ureter damage occur more on the left side or right?
Left.
Because the right is constant and usually crosses the external iliac, the left is more medial and crosses common iliac
Where do most arterial blood supply come from?
what is the exception?
Internal iliac artery
Gonadal arteries come from abdominal aorta
Nerves of the lateral wall of the pelvis - what nerves supply the lower limb?
What nerve supplies the perineum?
Obturator nerve and Sciatic nerve - lower limb
Pudendal nerve supplies perineum
Where do the gonadal lumphatics spread to?
Lumbar nodes (in the abdomen)
What happens to FSH and LH during menopause?
They will rise
What is perimenopausal dysfunctional uterine bleeding?
The time period prior to going through menopause where a women has irregular periods & intra menstrual bleeding.
Due to fluctuating hormone levels
What hormone causes endometrial hyperplasia?
Oestrogen
There are 2 main types of endometrial cancer:
Type 1 = endometrioid
Type 2 = serous clear cell
Where do both types spread to?
Type 1 - myometrium
Type 2 - peritoneal cavity (i.e. more aggressive)
Type 1 endometrial cancer is more likely to affect older women? T/F
F
Type 1 = younger women with lynch syndrome
Type 2 = older women
What is the precursor for type 1 endometrial cancer?
Atypical endometrial hyperplasia
What is a sarcoma?
Cancer of connective tissue
What is the name of a tumour found in the myometrium
Leiomyoma (fibroid)
What 2 symptoms are associated with a fibroid?
Menorrhagia
Infertility
What cell type is involved in a leiomyosarcoma?
Spindle cells (elongated cells)
Ix leiomyoma’s
1st line - US
2nd line - MRI
