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PSY 324 > Week 6 Hunger / Sleep > Flashcards

Week 6 Hunger / Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

3rd Year PhD Student at TMU in the Psychophysiology Lab
* Research Associate at the MacDonald Franklin OSI Research
Centre
* Your PSY324 TA!
* Areas of Research: Biological Psychology (disordered eating, stress
physiology, oral contraceptive use, and personalized medicine)
Reminder

A

Julia (TA)

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2
Q

Hungor is the root Germanic meaning of _______, and means _____________________________________________________

A
  1. Hunger
  2. Pain caused by lack of food
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3
Q

thoughts, attitudes
and beliefs about
eating and food (hunger cue)

A

Cognitive

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4
Q

happiness, sadness,
depression, anxiety,
boredom, stress (hunger cue)

A

Emotional & Social

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5
Q

Mouth, stomach,
intestines, fat cells,
etc. (hunger cue)

A

Biological & Physical

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6
Q
  • 10th Cranial Nerve (CN X)
  • Longest nerve of the Autonomic Nervous
    System (ANS)
  • Has connections throughout the body
  • 80-90% AFFERENT neurons (carry sensory
    information about the organs of the body back
    to the CNS)
  • ~10% EFFERENT neurons (carry motor signals
    to certain organs and musculature)
A

The Vagus Nerve

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7
Q
  • Coordination Centre
  • Sits below the thalamus, and above the
    pituitary gland and brainstem
  • Orchestrates homeostasis through high level
    coordination of the endocrine system (main
    link between nervous and endocrine systems)
  • Able to integrate signals from both central and
    peripheral pathways to regulate appetite and
    food intake through multiple mechaisms
A

The Hypothalamus

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8
Q

Main 3 Components of the Physiology of Hunger

A

The Vagus Nerve
The Hypothalamus
The Digestive System

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9
Q

Two parts of Hypothalamus for Hunger

A

Medial Hypothalamus
Lateral Hypothalamus

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10
Q

The Medial Hypothalamus is made up of which components and are they Orexigenic or Anorexigenic

A
  1. Arcuate Nucleus (Both Orex and Anorex)
  2. Paraventricular Nucleus (Inhibit Feeding / Anorexigenic)
  3. Ventromedial Nucleus (Inhibit Feeding / Anorexigenic)
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11
Q

The Lateral Hypothalamus is made up of which components and are they Orexigenic or Anorexigenic

A

Lateral Nucleus

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12
Q

What does the Lateral Nucleus do?

A
  • primary source of
    orexigenic neurons
  • promotes feeding
    behaviours and
    digestive functions
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13
Q

What would happen if Paraventricular
Nucleus was damaged

A

overeating
(increased
meal size)
weight gai

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14
Q

What would happen if Ventromedial
Nucleus was damaged

A

overeating
(increased
meal
frequency)
weight gain
high insulin
levels

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15
Q

What would happen if Lateral
Nucleus was damaged

A

under eating
weight loss
recovery possible but
not a full return to
normal

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16
Q

True / False: If Lateral Nucleus is damaged, it can never return to fully normal

A

True

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17
Q

Pancreas function in hunger.

A

Depending on glucose level in blood, can be satiety or hunger promoting

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18
Q

Cholecystokinin
(CCK) holds stomach _______ and is _______ _______

A
  1. Closed
  2. Satiety promoting
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19
Q
  • juvenile diabetes
  • autoimmune attack on the
    pancreas
  • cannot produce insulin
  • insulin-dependent
A

Type 1 Diabetes

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20
Q

Diabetes is a disorder of ________ __________.

A

glucose ABSORPTION

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21
Q
  • more common / later age
  • more lifestyle related
  • pancreas produces insulin but tissues
    are resistant
  • treatment can be lifestyle changes,
    medications, or insulin
A

Type 2 Diabetes

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22
Q
  • produced by adipose tissue
  • hormone that signals the brain about fat
    reserves
  • Eating increases = ___ level decreases = fat reserve decreases
  • Satiety promoting
A

LEPTIN

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23
Q
  • produced by cells throughout the GI tract
  • hormone / neurotransmitter
  • hunger signal
  • will cause stomach
    contractions and act on
    hypothalamus to increase
    appetite
  • hunger promoting
A

GHRELIN

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24
Q

OREXIGENIC or the hunger promoting hormone secretes

A

neuropeptide Y (NPY)

25
Anorexigenic or the satiety promoting hormone secretes
Melanocortin
26
*restriction of energy/caloric intake *intense fear of gaining weight
Anorexia Nervosa
27
*increased food consumption *more than would normally be consumed in a given period of time or circumstance
Binge Eating Disorder
28
*recurrent episodes of binge eating *inappropriate compensatory behaviours (vomiting)
Bulimia Nervosa
29
Increased Connectivity of the Lateral Hypothalamus Decreased Wiring/Fibre Density within the Arcuate Nucleus (not enough exogenic, overactivation of paraventricular, avoiding food)
Anorexia Nervosa & The Brain
30
(ability to sense or be aware of the internal state of our bodies)
interoceptive awareness
31
* etiology = disruptions in cognitive processes decreased cerebral volume, decreased grey matter in the inferior frontal cortex, and volume reduction in the pituitary gland widespread serotonin dysfunction - over time: self-induced vomiting and binge eating destabilizes the coordination signals in response to stimuli from the GI tract (like stomach stretching or esophageal sphincter)
Bulimia Nervosa & The Brain
32
Difference between Anorexia and Bulimia
Both realted to neurobioligcal and cognitive differences.
33
endogenous means
naturally occurring
34
- a cycle that follows a 24-hour clock - any physical, mental, and behavioural change that allows an organism to follow this daily cycle - internal rhythm that guides us to naturally feel sleepy at night or feel alert in the morning - affect more than just the sleep/ wake cycle, they affect hunger, thirst, temperature regulation, and even mood
circadian rhythm
35
True / False: Its hard for humans to deviate from circadian rhythm
True
36
Zeitgeber (German for time giver/ synchronizer)
stimulus that resets your circadian rhythms
37
Examples of Zeitgeber
- For most land animals, this is usually light - For marine animals, it is the tide - But other stimuli can work as well (e.g., exercise, meals, and temperature change) - Social stimuli (effects from other people) are not effective zeitgebers (unless it includes exercise/ vigorous activity)
38
awaken early, reach their peak productivity in the morning
Morning people
39
awaken later, reach their peak productivity in the afternoon/ evening
Evening people
40
T / F: Whether you are a morning or evening person is related to
- Age - Environment
41
- The main driver of circadian rhythm - generates these rhythms automatically
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
42
Main method for measuring sleep
Polysomnography scalp activity
43
Sleep Stages
1. Relaxed, Awake 2. Stage 1 Sleep 3. Stage 2 Sleep 4. Slow Wave Sleep 5. Slow Wave Sleep 6. REM Sleep
44
Early sleep is primarily
Slow Wave
45
Later sleep is primarily
REM
46
paradoxical § Light because it has some theta waves similar to Stage 1 § Deep because of muscle paralysis o PGO waves which start in the pons o Heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate fluctuate much more here than in any other stage
REM sleep
47
Neural hallmarks of _____ sleep: § Slow oscillations (1 Hz) § Spindles (10–15 Hz) § Sharp wave ripples (SWR; 100– 300 Hz) § Related to replay § Linked to memory processing
NON REM / Slow Wave
48
These oscillations (spindles, SWRs) are synchronized/ coordinated by slow wave (1 Hz) activity in the brain, this is know as ______ ________
Neural synchrony
49
Dreaming occurs in what stage of sleep?
We dream in both REM and non-REM stages of sleep - REM dreams are more likely to be vivid, visual, and complicated than non-REM ones, but not always
50
Functions of Sleep
1. To save energy (Hibernation) 2. To boost memory (Sleeping helps memory retention)
51
Two Theories of sleep on memory
Passive Theory Active Theory
52
Jenkins & Dallenbach (1924) ■ N = 2 students learned non-sense syllables (e.g., shog, jop, ched, ruk), then either slept or stayed awake for a few hours ■ After a delay, they retrieved the same words ■ Better recall when the participants slept after the encoding session vs. if they stayed awake Good example of ______ Theory of knowledge with sleep
Passive Theory
53
- The brain strengthens memories via hippocampal replay which takes place during sleep - Researchers now believe that neural hallmarks of sleep are not just related but critical to this hippocampal replay process! - Good example of ______ Theory of knowledge with sleep
Active Theory
54
Is Passive or Active Theory of knowledge with sleep better
Neither, both are used
55
- Not getting enough sleep - impaired memory, attn, cognition, increases risk for depression - noise, stress, pain, diet such as drinking coffee in the evening, sleep pills
Insomnia
56
trouble falling asleep bc your brain doesn’t think it’s late enough yet
phase delayed
57
no problem falling asleep, but have trouble staying asleep
phase advanced
58
impaired breathing during sleep - restricts oxygen to brain
Sleep apnea

PSY 324 (11 decks)

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