Week 6 - Innate immunity Flashcards

Question

virus

Answer 1

A virus is a small collection of genetic code, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein coat. A virus cannot replicate alone. Viruses must infect cells and use components of the host cell to make copies of themselves. Often, they kill the host cell in the process, and cause damage to the host organism

Answer 2

Bacteria are small single-celled organisms. Bacteria are found almost everywhere on Earth and are vital to the planet's ecosystems. Some species can live under extreme conditions of temperature and pressure. The human body is full of bacteria, and in fact is estimated to contain more bacterial cells than human cells.

Answer 3

The main types of 'cells' produced by human pathogenic fungi are hyphae, yeast cells, and spores. Can cause fungal infections

Answer 4

the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce.

Answer 5

A pathogen is an organism that causes disease.

Answer 6

the property of causing disease

Answer 7

the severity or harmfulness of a disease or poison. the molecules that assist the bacterium colonize the host at the cellular level

Answer 8

not capable of causing disease nonpathogenic bacterial strains

Answer 9

microorganisms that live on another living organism (human or animal) or inanimate object without causing disease.

Answer 10

the action or state of making or being made impure by polluting or poisoning

Answer 11

Bacteria can live in hotter and colder temperatures than humans, but they do best in a **warm, moist, protein-rich environment that is pH neutral or slightly acidic**

Answer 12

Microbes cause infectious diseases such as flu and measles. So if there is more of them, there will be a more likely change of disease

Answer 13

**Exotoxins are polypeptide proteins excreted by few species of bacteria**

Answer 14

**Endotoxins are the lipopolysaccharide-protein complexes, produced at the time of cell death**

Answer 15

Enzymes include hyaluronidase, which breaks down the connective tissue component hyaluronic acid; a range of proteases and lipases; DNases, which break down DNA, and hemolysins which break down a variety of host cells, including red blood cells

Answer 16

Oily substance on skin that helps kill bacteria/virus

Answer 17

By inducing the expression of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes, several of which have antiviral functions, IFNs block virus replication at many levels

Answer 18

Proteins of the complement system react with each other to bind pathogens and trigger an inflammatory cascade response to fight infection

Answer 19

A fever fights infection by helping immune cells to crawl along blood-vessel walls to attack invading microbes

Answer 20

Aciclovir, also known as acyclovir, is an antiviral medication. It is primarily used for the treatment of herpes simplex virus infections, chickenpox, and shingles It works by stopping the spread of the herpes virus in the body. Acyclovir does not cure cold sores or genital herpes, does not prevent outbreaks of these conditions, and does not stop the spread of these conditions to other people.

Answer 21

**a) antiviral** how to stop the virus without damaging the inner workings of healthy cells too. **b) antifungal** Antifungal drugs are relatively difficult to develop compared to antibacterial drugs owing to the eukaryotic nature of the cells

Answer 22

An infection that is in the bloodstream is called a systemic infection. An infection that affects only one body part or organ is called a localized infection

Answer 23

a primary infection can practically be viewed as the root cause of an individual's current health problem, a secondary infection is a sequela or complication of that root cause

Answer 24

Bacteremia is the simple presence of bacteria in the blood while Septicemia is the presence and multiplication of bacteria in the blood

Answer 25

exogenous infection, no microbial carriage precedes colonization and infection. In endogenous infection, infection is preceded by oropharyngeal or GI carriage.

Answer 26

Communicable diseases comprise infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and measles, while non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are mostly chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and diabetes

Answer 27

an epidemic as an unexpected increase in the number of disease cases in a specific geographical area, A epidemic is a disease outbreak is endemic when it is consistently present but limited to a particular region.

Answer 28

Anti-infectives are used to destroy or suppress the growth of infectious organism. The desire is to use an agent which will inhibit/kill the invading organism without hurting host tissue. The use of the antiinfective drugs will thus assist the normal host defense mechanisms to prevent growth of and eliminate the infectious agent from the system.

Answer 29

is **a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria**

Answer 30

are **a group of materials that fight against pathogenic bacteria**.

Answer 31

**treatment or control of viral infections**.

Answer 32

treat and prevent mycosis

Answer 33

**any agent that kills or inhibits the growth of organisms known as protozoans**

Answer 34

**a group of antiparasitic drugs that expel parasitic worms (helminths) and other internal parasites from the body by either stunning or killing them and without causing significant damage to the host**

Answer 35

Antiparasitic agents are **drugs used to treat parasitic diseases**

Answer 36

An amebicide is **an agent used to treat patients with amebiasis**. Amoebiasis is an infection that is caused by the amoeba, or unicellular organisms, of the Entamoeba genus

Answer 37

**a natural or synthetic substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and algae**.

Answer 38

**a) definition of the term** Bacterial resistance is the capacity of bacteria to withstand the effects of antibiotics or biocides that are intended to kill or control them **b) two signs indicating its development** Taking urine and blood samples and shwoing the bacteria not dying **c) physiological basis for its development in the bacterial strain** Antibiotic resistance is accelerated when the presence of antibiotics pressure bacteria and fungi to adapt

Answer 39

**a) definition of the term** Type I hypersensitivity is also known as an immediate reaction and involves immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated release of antibodies against the soluble antigen. This results in mast cell degranulation and release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators. **b) how it develops** Type I hypersensitivity (or immediate hypersensitivity) is an allergic reaction provoked by re-exposure to a specific type of antigen referred to as an allergen. **c) list symptoms which indicate an allergic reaction** Trouble breathing, hives, dwelling of eyes and throat, shortness of breath, tightness of breath, wheezing **d) list the symptoms of anaphylaxis.** Skin reactions (hikes, intchings, weak/rapid pulse, low blood pressure, nasua, vomiting diarhaa, dizzinesss/fainting **e) state the standard aids for treating anaphylaxis.** Give epi pen if there, call 911, lay person flat, can give second spi pen shot after 5 minutes

Answer 40

**i) specific action of the anti-infective drug** -all of these terms will refer to any drug, synthetic or natural, which has the ability to kill (bactericidal) or suppress the growth of (bacteriostatic) microorganisms without killing or suppressing host tissue. Host tissue has been invaded by parasitic organisms which are damaging that tissue. A drug is needed which will kill or suppress the microorganism but have no effect on the host cells. **ii) explain the bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal effect** the definitions of “bacteriostatic” and “bactericidal” appear to be straightforward: “bacteriostatic” means that the agent prevents the growth of bacteria (i.e., it keeps them in the stationary phase of growth), and “bactericidal” means that it kills bacteria. **iii) possible side effects of the drug** **a) penicillins (e.g. amoxicillin)** Principal adverse effect is allergic reaction. May cause diarrhea due to disruption of normal intestinal flora. **b) tetracyclines (e.g. doxycycline)** Gastric irritation. Discoloration of permanent teeth. Suppresses growth of long bones in fetuses and infants.

Answer 41

Viral DNA replication takes place in two distinct compartments (**genome-length progeny DNA is synthesized in the nucleus, followed by the synthesis of concatemeric DNA in the cytoplasm**), whereas virion assembly is confined to cytoplasmic viral 'assembly sites'.

Answer 42

**Virus entry into animal cells is initiated by attachment to receptors and is followed by important conformational changes of viral proteins, penetration through (non-enveloped viruses) or fusion with (enveloped viruses) cellular membranes. The process ends with transfer of viral genomes inside host cells.**

Answer 43

Viral spike is what is sticking out of the cell membrane of a virus, capsid proteins A capsid is the protein shell of a virus, enclosing its genetic material.

Answer 44

Once viral proteins and genomes have been produced, new virions are assembled and released into the environment. Virus assembly is driven, at least in part, by the inherent properties of the viral proteins; in some cases, viral capsid proteins will assemble spontaneously to form capsid-like structures in a test tube

Answer 45

Direct cell damage and death from viral infection may result from (1) diversion of the cell's energy, (2) shutoff of cell macromolecular synthesis, (3) competition of viral mRNA for cellular ribosomes, (4) competition of viral promoters and transcriptional enhancers for cellular transcriptional factors such as RNA

Answer 46

Virus-host cell interactions may produce either 1) cytocidal (cytolytic) infections, in which production of new infectious virus kills the cell; 2) persistent infections, in which the virus or its genome resides in some or all of the cells without killing most of them

Answer 47

Antibiotics DO NOT work on viruses, such as those that cause colds, flu, or COVID-19. Antibiotics also are not needed for many sinus infections and some ear infections.

Answer 48

Skin and mucous membranes produce protective chemicals that inhibit or destroy microorganisms • Acid: acidity of skin and some mucous secretions inhibits growth; called acid mantle• Enzymes: lysozyme of saliva, respiratory mucus, and lacrimal fluid kills many microorganisms; enzymes in stomach kill many microorganisms • Mucin: sticky mucus that lines digestive and respiratory tract traps microorganisms• Defensins: antimicrobial peptides that inhibit microbial growth• Other chemicals: lipids in sebum and dermicidinin sweat are toxic to some bacteria

Answer 49

nnate system necessary if microorganisms invade deeper tissues; includes: * Phagocytes * Natural killer (NK) cells * Inflammatory response (macrophages, mast cells, WBCs, and inflammatory chemicals) * Antimicrobial proteins (interferons and complement proteins) * Many second-line cells have pattern recognition receptors that recognize and bind tightly to structures on microbes, disarming them before they do harm

Answer 50

1. Process starts when phagocyte recognizes and adheres to pathogen’s carbohydrate “signature”• Some microorganisms have external capsules that hide their surface carbohydrates, helping them evade phagocytosis • Opsonization: immune system uses antibodies or complement proteins as opsoninsthat coat pathogens • Act as “handles” for phagocytes to grab on to, enhancing phagocytosis 2. Cytoplasmic extensions (pseudopods) bind to and engulf particle in vesicle called phagosome 3. Phagosome fuses with lysosome, forming phagolysosome 4. Phagolysosome is acidified, and lysosomal enzymes digest particles 5. Indigestible and residual waste is exocytosed from phagocyte

Answer 51

Inflammation is triggered whenever body tissues are injured• Injuries can be due to trauma, heat, irritating chemicals, or infections by microorganisms• Benefits of inflammation: • Prevents spread of damaging agents • Disposes of cell debris and pathogens • Alerts adaptive immune system• Sets the stage for repair

Answer 52

develops quickly, solely beneficial, and eliminates cause

Answer 53

: long-lasting, damages tissues (even to point of death), causes disease

Answer 54

1. Inflammatory chemical release 2. Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability 3. Phagocyte mobilization

Answer 55

1. Leukocytosis: release of neutrophils from bone marrow in response to leukocytosisinducing factors from injured cells 2. Margination: endothelial cells of capillaries in inflamed area project cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) into vessel lumen that grab onto passing neutrophils, causing them to slow and roll along, clinging to vessel wall 3. Diapedesis: neutrophils flatten and squeeze between endothelial cells, moving into interstitial spaces 4. Chemotaxis: inflammatory chemicals act as chemotactic agentsthat promote positive chemotaxis of neutrophils toward injured area

Answer 56

1. Vascular Spasm2. Platelet Plug Formation 3. Blood Clotting/Coagulation

Answer 57

The arteries or arterioles, when damaged, reflexively contract immediately in response to the wound . This limits the blood loss but is only a temporary solution – it could last a couple of minutes up to an hour or so. Doesn’t stop bleeding but reduces it

Answer 58

* First, platelets contact and stick to damaged parts of blood vessels, such as collagen (which will now be exposed, they were on the opposite side of the endothelium * This is called platelet adhesion * Adhesion activates the platelets, and they change appearance and activity dramatically. * They start forming projections that allow them to attach to each other, and they also begin to release their vesicles. * This is called the Platelet release reaction. * Molecules released, ADP, thromboxane A2 will activate nearby platelets. Serotonin and thromboxane A2 will also maintain the contraction of the blood vessel caused by vascular spasm. * So all of the platelets in the area are activated thanks to the signals being released. And they all stick together and aggregate, forming a plug. * The plug of course, limits blood loss

Answer 59

* The platelet plug will eventually start producing fibrin threads * The platelet plug will eventually start producing fibrin threads * The threads will become such a dense network that RBCs will not be able to pass. * Here you can see the RBC trapped in a network of fibrin threads. * This process is mediated by 12 clotting factors from various regions of your body, but I will not cover these in this course, just too much detail.

Answer 60

* Decrease in the size of cells * Results in reduced tissue mass

Answer 61

* Increase in cell size * Results in enlarged tissue mass

Answer 62

Increased number of cells • Results in enlarged tissue mass

Answer 63

Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type.

Answer 64

Cells vary in size and shape within a tissue

Answer 65

Undifferentiated cells, with variable nuclear and cell structures

Answer 66

New growth”―commonly called tumor

Answer 67

The process where a cell changes from one cell type to another • Zygote to multicellular organism

Answer 68

Passive form of cell death induced by accidental damage of tissue and does not involve activation of any specific cellular program

Answer 69

Not as dangerous to organism as necrosis • Active form of cell death enabling individual cells to commit suicide

Answer 70

Injection of antibodies • Short-term protection

Answer 71

• IgG transferred from mother to fetus: • Across placenta • Through breast milk • Protection of infant for the first few months of life or until weaned

Answer 72

Antigen purposefully introduced to body • Stimulation of antibody production • Immunization • Booster immunization

Answer 73

• Natural exposure to antigen • Development of antibodies

Answer 74

Potent vasodilator • Produced from the action of nitric oxide synthetase from arginine

Answer 75

• Serotonin is widely and primarily thought as being a neurotransmitter, but its role in acute inflammation is just as powerful. • Mast cells (also basophils and platelets)

Answer 76

• Release by nonimmune mechanisms such as cold, trauma, or other chemical mediators • Release by other mediators • Dilates arterioles and increases permeability of venules (wheal and flare reaction)

Answer 77

• Small peptide released from plasma precursors • Increases vascular permeability • Dilates blood vessels • Causes pain

Week 6 - Innate immunity Flashcards

(101 cards)