Week 6 Lecture

Question 1

What are the 3 stages of learning and memory?

Answer 1

1. encoding (acquisition and consolidation)
2. storage
3. retrieval

Question 2

What is the time length of sensory memory? (conscious)

Answer 2

milliseconds to seconds

Question 3

What is the time length of short term and working memory? (conscious)

Answer 3

seconds to minutes. 7+/- 2 items

Question 4

What is that time length of long term non-declarative memory? (not conscious memory)

Answer 4

days to years

Question 5

What is the time length of long term declarative memory? (conscious)

Answer 5

days to years

Question 6

What types of memories are involved in declarative memory?

Answer 6

facts

events

Question 7

What types of memories are involved in non declarative memory? (4)

Answer 7

• procedural memory
• perceptual representation
• classical conditioning
• non-associative learning

Question 8

What is included in the medial temporal lobe?

Answer 8

• hippocampus

- parahippcampal, entorhinal and perirhinal cortices

Question 9

What is included in the subcortical strictures of memeory?

Answer 9

• fortox
• anterior thalamic nuclei
• mammillary bodies
• amygdala

Question 10

What are some cortical regions involved in memory?

Answer 10

• prefrontal cortex

- inferotemporal cortex

Question 11

What is the cerebellum and striatum related to in memory?

Answer 11

cerebellum (motor, conditioning)

striatum (habit)

Question 12

What is the mismatch field?

Answer 12

a magnetic field which elicits a high tone among standard low tones

Question 13

What is the atkinson and shiffrin modal model of memroy?

Answer 13

1. sensory input
2. short term storage (attention)
3. long term storage (rehearsal)

Question 14

What are the two components of the central executive

Answer 14

1. visuospatial sketch pad

2. phonological loop

Question 15

Which hemisphere is the phonological working memory primarily involved in?

Answer 15

left hemisphere

Question 16

What does the hippocampus mean in Greek?

Answer 16

seahorse

Question 17

Damage to the medial temporal lobe can cause what?

Answer 17

severe anterograde amnesia and variable retrograde amnesia, while short term and declarative memory are spared

Question 18

Describe the case of HM

Answer 18

• bilateral resection of the medial temporal lobe for epilepsy
• severe anterograde amnesia
• retrograde amnesia approx. 2 years prior
• spared STM

Question 19

Do amnesics squire some new semantic memories?

Answer 19

yes, but they don’t know always the source of this knowledge

Question 20

What happened in patient KC?

Answer 20

Severe anterograde and retrograde amnesia after a motorbike accident, some factual knowledge

Question 21

What happened in patient EP?

Answer 21

could make category judgement

Question 22

What is global cerebral ischemia?

Answer 22

loss of blood to the brain

Question 23

What is transient global amnesia?

Answer 23

typically last 4-6 hours

disruption to the blood flow of the medial temporal lobe

Question 24

What is Korsakoff’s syndrome?

Answer 24

caused by chronic consumption of alcohol

severe anterograde and retrograde amnesis

Question 25

What are some pathological changes seen in alzheimer's disease?

Answer 25

-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

Question 26

What are some signs of predementia alzheimer's?

Answer 26

both anterograde and retrograde amnesia

Question 27

What is post-traumatic amnesia?

Answer 27

memory loss following head injury concussion/coma anterograde and retrograde amnesia

Question 28

What is long term memory consolidation and what is some evidence for this?

Answer 28

slower, permanent consolidation | evidence comes from the fact that our most recent memories are likely to be lost first

Question 29

Where are memories believed to be stored long term?

Answer 29

in the neocortex

Question 30

Could HM form new explicit or implicit memories?

Answer 30

implicit - if he learned a task, he would not remember, yet would know how to do the task

Question 31

What is involved in the pretraining of monkeys in the delayed, non matching to sample task?

Answer 31

1. habituate the monkey in the environment 2. learn that food pellets are available in the food wells 3. learn to move objects to get food

Question 32

Did the delayed non matching to sample task model HM's case?

Answer 32

yes

Question 33

What is the mumby box?

Answer 33

The same as the monkey delayed non matching to sample but with rats

Question 34

What are two examples of how hippocampal lesions affect spatial memory tasks in rodent?

Answer 34

1. morris water maze (contextual memory) | 2. radial arm maze (reference memory and working memory)

Question 35

What are place cells?

Answer 35

they fire when the animal when animal is in a specific place

Question 36

what are entorhinal grid cells?

Answer 36

cells that fire if we move our heads in a certain direction, or are at a border

Question 37

What are some types of encoded cells?

Answer 37

- time cells - social space - concept cells (Jennifer Aniston neurons, which fired to the concept of the person, not just the picture) - engram cells (light)

Question 38

Do concept cells (or Jennifer Aniston neurons) fire to the concept of Jennifer Aniston or just the image of her?

Answer 38

the concept- name, sound, picture

Question 39

What is optogenetics?

Answer 39

Uses light to turn cells on or off

Question 40

Which frontal cortex is better at encoding episodic information and encoding retrieval or semantic information?

Answer 40

the left frontal cortex

Question 41

Which frontal cortex is better at retrieving episodic information?

Answer 41

the right frontal cortex

Question 42

On a cellular level, long term potentiation affects memory how?

Answer 42

Activation of neurons through studying results in a greater activation which results in a stronger connection between two neurons. This strengthening encodes long term memory